A lack of adaptive capacities for climate change prevents poor farmers from diversifying agricultural production in Bangladesh’s drought-resilient areas. Climate change adaptation strategies can reduce the production risk relating to unforeseen climatic shocks and increase farmers’ food, income, and livelihood security. This paper investigates rice farmers’ adaptive capacities to adapt climate change strategies to reduce the rice production risk. The study collected 400 farm-level micro-data of rice farmers with the direct cooperation of Rajshahi District. The survey was conducted during periods between June and July of 2020. Rice farmers’ adaptive capacities were estimated quantitatively by categorizing the farmers as high, moderate, and low level adapters to climate change adaptation strategies. In this study, a Cobb–Douglas production function was used to measure the effects of farmers’ adaptive capacities on rice production. The obtained results show that farmers are moderately adaptive in terms of adaptation strategies on climate change and the degree of adaptation capacities. Agronomic practices such as the quantity of fertilizer used, the amount of labor, the farm’s size, and extension contacts have a substantial impact on rice production. This study recommends that a farmer more significantly adjusts to adaptation strategies on climate change to reduce rice production. These strategies will help farmers to reduce the risk and produce higher quality rice. Consequently, rice farmers should facilitate better extension services and change the present agronomic practice to attain a higher adaptation status. It can be very clearly seen that low adaptability results in lower rice yields.

This paper explores the market participation decision of smallholder farmers in Bangladesh and tries to sort out the most important factors that influence smallholder farmers' decision to participate in the output market to sell their produce in Bangladesh. To examine the relationship between the smallholder farmers' decision to participate in the market and the factors that affect these farmers' decision, a Probit regression model is employed. For this purpose this study uses primary data collected from 100 smallholder farmers of Durgapur Upazila under Rajshahi District. Main findings of this study indicate that there is moderate level of market participation by the households who decide to participate in the market with 57% sales of their produced crops. It is found that farm size, household labour, income from livestock and farm income might be the main factors that affect the smallholder farmers' decision to participate in the output market. These findings also suggest that the smallholder farmers would participate more and more in the output market, if farm size, household labour and farm income are increased in one hand and income from livestock is decreased on the other hand. The originality of this paper is that it examines the phenomenon of smallholder farmers' commercialization in Bangladesh from the perspectives of market participation, which may create an opportunity for further constructive debate. Finally, development market infrastructure, provision of marketing incentives to smallholder farmers and development of an institutionalized marketing information service are recommended to enhance commercialization of agriculture in Bangladesh.

The study explores the significant factors and utilization of international remittance in Bangladesh by using primary data from 84 migrant households. The study applies multiple linear regression model estimated by OLS method. The estimated results find that household size, training, skill, years at abroad and earnings significantly affect international remittance in Bangladesh. This indicates migrants remit home motivated by mixed views like, altruistic, loan repayment and exchange view. The study also finds 50.01 percent of remittance is utilized only in consumption of food purpose. The study suggests arranging training and skill enhancing programs to migrants and creating investment opportunities.

This paper is an attempt to analyze the determinants of technical inefficiency of handloom weaving units operating in Kumarkhali Upazila of Kushtia District in Bangladesh. The study is mainly based on primary data that are collected through structured questionnaire from handloom unit owners in the study area. A total of 57 handloom units are randomly selected for the study. Cobb-Douglas production function model is employed to obtain the technical efficiency of handloom units and technical inefficiency index is calculated from the obtained efficiencies. Tobit Model is used to identify the factors of inefficiency in the handloom weaving units. From the analysis, average inefficiency of handloom units in the study area is found to be 0.245. The major findings of the study show that education, experience, size of unit, and age of owners are significant factors influencing technical inefficiency of handloom weaving units.

Interaction between saving and investment has been a major concern to the economists and there exists substantial debate over the nature of long run relationship between them. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to examine the dynamic linkages between saving and investment in Bangladesh using annual time series data covering the period from 1980 to 2014. The stationarity of the data is examined by using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests. This paper applied the Johansen-Juselius cointegration test to examine the long run relationship between saving and investment. In order to show the direction of causal relationship between saving and investment, the widely used Granger causality test has been used. The unit root tests revealed that both saving and investment are non-stationary at level forms and they become stationary after taking their first difference. The Johansen-Juselius cointegration analysis suggests that, there exists a long run relationship between saving and investment as it is confirmed by both the Trace and Maximum Eigen-value test statistics. Results found from the Granger causality test suggests that unidirectional causality running from saving to investment existed in Bangladesh over the sample period for a lag length of two periods. Based on the results, pursuance of policy measures towards mobilizing domestic saving is recommended.

Objective: The objective of the study is to assess the impacts of environmental amenities on rental value of houses and formulate the pathway for sustainable urban development align with Sustainable Development Goals 11. Theoretical Framework: The hedonic pricing model is an effective theoretical foundation for examining influence of environmental amenities and dis-amenities on house rental prices. It investigates how environmental factors influence house rental prices and promote sustainable urban development goals. Method: The study is based on 210 primary data which are collected by random sampling survey of tenants living in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. The hedonic regression method is used for assessing house rent determinants and willingness to pay formula is used for hedonic valuation of environmental attributes. Results and Discussion: The study found four factors- income of tenant, house structure characteristics, neighborhood characteristics and environmental amenities including ventilation, open space proximity, drainage management, waterlogging and landfill by wastes which affect houses rent. In planned areas, proximity to open spaces and ventilation increases the rental value by 77.27% and 24.46% respectively than that of unplanned area. The willingness to pay for environmental amenities including open space, ventilation and proper drainage is BDT162.148 (US $1.35), BDT 164.055 (US $1.36, and BDT 64.271 (US $0.53) respectively from their average rent in planned area. In contrast, in unplanned areas, tenants are willing to pay more BDT 45.061 (US $0.37) for open space closer proximity, BDT 64.693 (US $0.53) for ventilation and BDT 78.536 (US $0.65) for proper drainage from their average rent. Research Implications: The study propose that urban planning should prioritize environmental improvements, real estate developers should increase the value of houses through improved amenities and emphasizes the tenant preferences in developing sustainable residential zones. Originality/Value: This study presents empirical evidence on the valuation of environmental amenities in Bangladeshi housing markets, adding new insights to the fields of urban economics and sustainability.