Acid hydrolysis treatment of kenaf outer bast fiber can produce pure cellulose content and hydrolyzed hemicellulose to monosaccharides. The effects of various reaction temperatures (110–130 °C), acid concentrations of sulfuric acid (0.25–1.00 N), and reaction times (60–120 min) were investigated as the optimum condition to gain pure cellulose content. A 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to analyze the carbohydrate content in the reaction of acid hydrolysis treatment. The results showed that optimum conditions for acid hydrolysis refer to two treatment prospects. First, a higher reaction temperature of 130 °C was necessary to increase the reaction for the hydrolyzes of hemicellulose—the high yield content produced by 0.25 N sulfuric acid with a short reaction time of 60 min. to improve the purity of cellulose, provided by the high sulfuric acid solution of 1.00 N for 120 min. Hemicellulose was hydrolyzed at almost 100% based on the two optimal conditions. The analysis revealed that a high temperature of acid hydrolysis was the primary treatment to hydrolyze hemicellulose to increase high pure cellulose from the kenaf outer bast fiber.

Snakeskin fruit called Salak is one type of tropical fruit that is widely grown in Indonesia. Salak fruit peels are known to contain a certain amount of tannin. This research explores the potential of rind salak fruit as the latest alternative adhesive. The extract from the rind had a tannin content of 1.85% and Stiasny number 76.67%. The results showed that the tannin extract of rind salak fruit was reactive to formaldehyde. Characteristics of Tannin Resorsinol Formadehyde (TRF) adhesives with variation in resorcinol concentration have a significant effect on its viscosity, gelatinization, and solid content. Utilizitaion of recorcinol 15% in TRF adhesive formula resulting a highest bonding strength of produced laminated wood. The value was 67.85 kg/cm³ with 53.3% wood failure on laminated wood. Those result indicated that utilization of tannin based adhesive from skin of salak fruit is very potential as an alternative raw material for bio adhesive.

Red ginseng extract is one of the most widely used herbal medicines to prevent and cure various diseases. Among the processed products derived from red ginseng, the water-insoluble part as red ginseng residual (RGR) becomes waste, even though it contains important ingredients. TEMPO-oxidation (TO) can be used as a pre-treatment with different degrees of oxidation (DO) (0 to 0.4) in red ginseng residual (RGR-TO) by introducing chemical oxidation and high-pressure homogenizer (HPH) as a nanofibrillation process. ¹H NMR was used to determine the carbohydrate composition and calculate DO, size was examined using a nanoparticle analyzer, and the zeta potential was used to determine surface charge density. RGR-TO with different concentrations had different compositions; glucose and uronic acid were the main ingredients. All treated RGR-TO showed higher oxidant levels than the untreated counterpart (RGR-TO 0). As the oxidant levels increased, the zeta potential and uronic acid increased, but the size of the nanofibril from RGR-TO decreased. The results of this study showed that TEMPO-oxidation pretreatment was effective in producing RGR cellulose nanofibril (CNF) with a variety of properties by adjusting the level of oxidation pretreatment and the number of HPH passes.