Neurotransmitters are synapses transmitting messengers that are vital towards human wellness. Any abnormality in their behaviour can lead to huge psychological ailments such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Schizophrenia. During diagnosing and assessing mental diseases, it is critical to discover distinct measures of different neurotransmitters present. A combination of nanomaterials, proteins, and polymers are employed to create suitable detecting and sensing component systems. Electrochemical detection has been widely employed for in-vivo detection, with FSCV emerging as the most promising technology to date due to advantages such as high sensitivities, simple device structure, and facile downsizing. Excessive background noise and signal, restricted target selectivity, declination with time, and the device fouling are all issues that in-vivo electrochemical neurotransmitter indications encounter. Nanomaterials have sparked a tremendous focus in recent years owing to their diverse properties. CPEs are amongst the safest and most ecologically beneficial electrodes with a vast scope of applications due to their incredibly simple and rapid manufacturing method, lower back - ground current, relatively inexpensive, adaptability to numerous modifiers and modifying techniques, so on and so forth.

SAF-2507 super duplex stainless steel powders (SDSS) were prepared using a high-energy planetary ball milling process. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows peak broadening after 20 h of ball milling and revealed a phase transformation resulting in a two-phase alloy mixture containing nearly equal amounts of ferrite (α) and austenite (γ). After 20 h of ball milling the particle size was reduced to ~201 nm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs showed small-size irregular grains with an average particle size ranging from 5–7 µm. The high-resolution transmission microscope (HRTEM) analysis confirmed the presence of nanocrystalline particles with sizes ranging from 10 to 50 nm. The presence of ferrite phase is visible in the corresponding diffraction pattern as well. In this paper, we have discussed the electrochemical sensor application of mechanically alloyed nano-structured duplex stainless steel powders. The fabricated 4 mg duplex stainless steel modified carbon paste electrode (SDSS-MCPE) has shown excellent current sensitivity in comparison with 2, 6, 8, and 10 mg SDSS-MCPEs during the detection of ascorbic acid (AA) in a phosphate buffer solution with a pH of 6.8. The calculated electrode active surface area of SDSS-MCPE was found to be almost two times larger than the surface area of the bare carbon paste electrode (BCPE). The limit of detection (LD) and limit of quantification (LQ) were found to be 0.206 × 10⁻⁸ M and 0.688 × 10⁻⁸ M, respectively, for the fabricated 4 mg SDSS-MCPE.

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a popular additive manufacturing (AM) technique for modelling, prototyping, and production. FDM is a technology that creates three-dimensional things directly from three-dimensional CAD data. Layer by layer, thermoplastic material is extruded by a temperature-controlled head. FDM, also known as fused filament fabrication (FFF), is a simple and low-cost method of additive manufacturing that was first introduced in 1989. A thermoplastic filament is fed to a heated nozzle in the FFF process. The material is melted here, and the material is deposited as the nozzle travels layer by layer in the x and y axes along the geometry. FDM has proved beneficial in the medical field to produce more naturalistic models for educational, training, and research reasons, as well as treatment and surgical planning.

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is one of the advanced techniques used to determine various bioactive molecules, organic dyes, pesticides, veterinary drugs, heavy metals, toxic chemicals, etc. To determine all the above analytes, one needs an electrocatalyst for their electrochemical redox reaction. Many researchers have reported the use of metal nanomaterials, metal oxide nanomaterials, metal–organic frameworks, surfactants, polymers, etc., as modifiers in carbon paste electrodes to enhance their current response, stability, sensitivity, and repeatability. But some of the emerging, cost-effective, and highly efficient electrocatalysts are advanced nanostructured alloy powders. These advanced alloys are used as a modifier to determine various bioactive analytes. These alloy-modified carbon paste electrodes (MCPEs) show excellent selectivity, sensitivity, and stability due to their extraordinary electrochemical properties, as the compositional elements of most of the alloys belong to d-block elements in the periodic table, and these transition elements are famous for their brilliant electrocatalytic properties. The present review article mainly focuses on the determination of dopamine, AA (AA), uric acid, methylene blue, methyl orange, Rhodamine B, and the L-Tyrosine amino acid by various alloys like stainless steel, high-entropy alloys, and shape-memory alloys and how these alloys could change the perception of metallurgists and electrochemists in the future. These alloys could be potential candidates for the development of various electrochemical sensors because of their high porosity and surface areas.

Metal organic frameworks when subjected to varying temperatures and frequencies. The analysis indicate the presence of guest molecules enhance the dielectric constant. The dielectric constant increase to a limit with the rise in temperature but it reduces gradually. The increase in frequencies enhance the peaks of permittivity towards higher temperatures. Shortening of ion diffusion also enhances the capacitance and a better contact between the electrode and active substance increases the electrochemical performance. Luminescence, the color depends on particle size, the structure and intermolecular packing of atoms in material. This paper gives an overview of MOFs studied based on their dielectric, super-capacitive and photo-luminescence when subjected to varying temperatures and frequencies.