Cancer is a highly complex disease that affects lives and causes millions of deaths worldwide.

The increasing global energy demand and environmental concerns have highlighted the need for sustainable and renewable energy sources. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB), rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, is a promising resource for biofuel production. However, the recalcitrant nature of lignin poses a significant challenge by obstructing effective LCB decomposition. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in genetic and metabolic engineering techniques, focusing on directed and random mutagenesis to enhance cellulase production in fungi. It explores how these techniques can overcome challenges in lignin degradation and improve LCB conversion efficiency. Lignin's high resistance to degradation, due to its complex association with cellulose and hemicelluloses, necessitates the development of advanced fungal strains through mutagenesis. Fungi, which are efficient lignin degraders, benefit from these practices to enhance enzyme production and address environmental pollution from burning LCB. The review emphasizes engineering cellulolytic fungi through mutagenesis, gene-editing, and synthetic biology, highlighting CRISPR-Cas innovations and nanoparticle-based delivery systems for precise CRISPR-Cas application. It also discusses the role of transcription factors in boosting enzyme production and the practical applications of these techniques for in-situ LCB biodegradation. Effective implementation of these advancements could foster a sustainable economy and mitigate the negative environmental impacts of current agricultural practices.

Nanocomposites (NCs) that integrate various metal nanoparticles with carbon-based materials have garnered significant attention due to their synergistic physicochemical properties and broad applicability in environmental and biomedical fields. In this context, the present study provides a comprehensive and pioneering evaluation of the photocatalytic efficiency of a cost-effective, reusable nanocomposite comprising lead hexaferrite (LHF) anchored onto reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Comprehensive characterization techniques, including FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, HR-TEM, Raman spectroscopy, and TGA, confirmed the successful grafting of LHF particles onto the rGO surface, enhancing the NC's chemical and thermal stability. The synergistic interaction between LHF and rGO significantly improved the NC's malachite green (MG) dye adsorption capacity to 78.1 mg g⁻¹, and showed constant efficiency up to four cycles, surpassing the performance of already available metal based nanocomposites. Under sunlight irradiation, the NC demonstrated exceptional photocatalytic activity, achieving 99% degradation of MG dye within 120 minutes, owing to enhanced generation of hydroxyl radicals and photogenerated holes. This performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of rGO and LHF, boosting effective charge separation and photogenerated carrier transfer across the rGO surface. Importantly, ICP-OES analysis confirmed the absence of lead leaching into the treated water, ensuring environmental safety. Beyond its photocatalytic efficiency, the NC exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans, indicating its potential as a dual-functional material for wastewater treatment.

Chlorella vulgaris has considerable promise as a raw material for biofuel production since it has a high productivity per unit area, has a minimum influence on the environment, and does not significantly affect food security. Nevertheless, the low fatty content of their biomass poses a considerable economic obstacle for commercialization. Increasing the amount of biomass and lipids produced by these algae is essential for improving the economic feasibility of using them as biofuel sources. This review highlights the significance of identifying appropriate algal strains, namely those found in local environments, and utilising mutagenesis and genetic engineering techniques to create 'platform strains'. Prior endeavours have primarily concentrated on altering environmental and dietary parameters to enhance the production of biomass and lipids. Here, we review a scientific literature that examines biotechnological approaches and develops methodologies designed to increase lipid production, emphasising the importance of aligning engineering efforts with breakthroughs in DNA manipulation tools. In addition, the review research evaluates the present economic and commercial situation of algal biorefineries, including any related disadvantages. In summary, this thorough research highlights the importance of using creative methods to tackle the intricacies of lipogenesis and enhance the economic viability of producing biofuels from algae.