In this work, the SCAPS-1D solar cell simulation software was used to model, simulate and track perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with planar structure, in a confined mode arrangement (FTO/TiO/CH₃NH₃PbI₃/CH₃NH₃GeI₃/CH₃NH₃SnI₃/CuO₂). Different compositions, absorber thickness, electron affinity, and absorber doping concentration were investigated. Different hole transport materials (CuO₂, CuI, NiO, PEDOT: PSS) were used. The best result for CH₃NH₃PbI₃ with CuO₂ hole transport material (HTM) showed an overall efficiency of 18.28%, FF of 62.71%, Jsc of 25 mA/cm², and Voc of 1.1 V. For tin lead-free halide CH₃NH₃SnI₃, the best results showed an overall efficiency of 24.54%, FF of 71.30%, Jsc of 34 mA/cm², and Voc of 0.99 V. Lead-free PSC has an advantage over lead PSC due to lead toxicity. However, a tin-based cell is unstable, hence, the p-type carrier doping concentration of tin-based perovskite PCE of the device can be improved due to the better and stronger combined electric field.

Asset management is helping to increase of solar plant’s lifespan and raising the growth of the portfolio. The improvement and optimization of the plant design and implementation reduce the capital cost of the solar plant. There are considerable difficulties facing asset management. In recent years some issues have been escalating in the industry making it crucial to the analysis. However, the Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) continues to decline becoming cost-competitive with conventional generation. This paper addresses the importance of maintaining the solar plant and identifies the challenges for maintenance and repair faced by asset managers. The study has pointed out the importance of the integration of computerized maintenance management for the development of asset management. Analysis shows that technology advances at an accelerated rate, there will be several opportunities to reduce costs in the near future. Due to the fast growing of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) the accuracy of the data will be improved. The analysis shows that there is a continuing discussion over which approach fits well and to keep LCA analysis moving forward and enhancing its precision and usability. The result shows the existence of proper asset management is required for strategic success and economic benefit. Finally, this will lead to help in the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by extending the life span of assets, their usability and improve risk management.