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Tomasz Podgórski
Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland

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Journal article
Published: 23 July 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The aim of this study was to analyze selected indicators of oxidative stress. The study subjects consisted of 42 women with Hashimoto’s disease and a control group of 30 healthy women. The concentration of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in the serum was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and the total antioxidative potential by the Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) method. In addition, an assessment of concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total phenolics was carried out. Our research showed a significant difference in TBARS concentration (p< 0.0001 (ES: 0.92)) without significant differences in Zn, Cu, FRAP and total phenolics concentrations. Analysis of the correlation of the obtained results of biochemical tests for both groups showed a highly significant dependence of FRAP and total phenolics concentration in the blood of the examined women (r = 0.5283, p = 0.0003). The obtained results indicate no differences in Cu, Zn, and FRAP concentrations in the blood between two analyzed groups and a significantly higher concentration of TBARS in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis women. The concentration of total phenolics significantly influences the value of the FRAP.

ACS Style

Joanna Szczepanik; Tomasz Podgórski; Katarzyna Domaszewska. The Level of Zinc, Copper and Antioxidant Status in the Blood Serum of Women with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7805 .

AMA Style

Joanna Szczepanik, Tomasz Podgórski, Katarzyna Domaszewska. The Level of Zinc, Copper and Antioxidant Status in the Blood Serum of Women with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (15):7805.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joanna Szczepanik; Tomasz Podgórski; Katarzyna Domaszewska. 2021. "The Level of Zinc, Copper and Antioxidant Status in the Blood Serum of Women with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 7805.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2021 in Scientific Reports
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Cross-training is a high-intensity functional training (HIFT) with multiple workout modalities. Despite the increasing number of studies in HIFT, there is still no validated test to measure its specific performance. It would also be advisable to determine whether selected cross-training workouts can implement a stimulus corresponding to maximize aerobic work. For these reasons, the purpose of our study was to evaluate the repeatability and reliability of Fight Gone Bad (FGB) workout and to assess its relationship with aerobic fitness. Twenty-one cross-training participants (9 females) finished the study protocol which included three two-day measurement sessions separated by 10 days. During each session, participants had their body composition measured, and they performed two exercise tests. The first test was an incremental cycling test to measure aerobic fitness, and the second was a cross-training specific FGB workout performed the next day. Reliability and repeatability were calculated from the three measurements. The total FGB Score (FGBTOTAL) showed excellent reliability (ICC 0.9, SEM 6%). Moreover, FGBTOTAL was strongly correlated with aerobic fitness (i.e., time to exhaustion (Texh, R2 = 0.72), maximal workload (Wmax, R2 = 0.69), time to gas exchange threshold (TGET, R2 = 0.68), and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak, R2 = 0.59). We also found that agreement between standardized FGB and standardized aerobic performance indices such as Texh, VO2peak, Wmax, maximum heart rate, TGET, and workload at gas exchange threshold was high by the Bland–Altman method. In conclusion, FGB is a reliable test that can be used in order to measure changes in cross-training performance caused by an intervention. Moreover, FGB is strongly correlated to aerobic fitness.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski; Emilia E. Zawieja; Bogna E. Zawieja; Tomasz Podgórski. Evaluation of the repeatability and reliability of the cross-training specific Fight Gone Bad workout and its relation to aerobic fitness. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, Emilia E. Zawieja, Bogna E. Zawieja, Tomasz Podgórski. Evaluation of the repeatability and reliability of the cross-training specific Fight Gone Bad workout and its relation to aerobic fitness. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski; Emilia E. Zawieja; Bogna E. Zawieja; Tomasz Podgórski. 2021. "Evaluation of the repeatability and reliability of the cross-training specific Fight Gone Bad workout and its relation to aerobic fitness." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 10 March 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The objective of this study was to assess the effect of 8-week long endurance training on the prooxidative–antioxidative status of plasma in women treated for breast cancer. The participants of the study were 12 women after radical mastectomy aged 45 to 56 years (M = 50.6 ± 2.9 years), who had undergone full cancer treatment, on average more than 5 years after the treatment (M = 5.9 ± 0.9 years). Body mass components were measured twice using the method of bioelectric impedance analysis. In order to optimize training loads and to assess the level of exercise tolerance of the participants, the group was subject to an ergospirometric exercise test twice, before (1st) and after (2nd) the completion of the training cycle. The blood was also taken twice for biochemical analyses. Statistically significant differences were noted in the maximum exercise load, the level of which increased in the second test (p < 0.05). No change was observed in the level of antioxidative potential, i.e., the content of some variables, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), urea, total phenolics, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and in the blood indices of the body’s nutritional status during the project (total protein, albumin. Endurance training caused an increase in exercise tolerance and did not cause an aggravation of oxidative stress in women undergoing breast cancer treatment.

ACS Style

Katarzyna Domaszewska; Arkadiusz Janiak; Tomasz Podgórski; Anna Demuth; Jakub Kryściak; Paweł Perkowski; Urszula Czerniak. A Pilot Study of Influence of Endurance Training on the Prooxidative and Antioxidant Status of Women after Breast Cancer. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 2822 .

AMA Style

Katarzyna Domaszewska, Arkadiusz Janiak, Tomasz Podgórski, Anna Demuth, Jakub Kryściak, Paweł Perkowski, Urszula Czerniak. A Pilot Study of Influence of Endurance Training on the Prooxidative and Antioxidant Status of Women after Breast Cancer. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (6):2822.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarzyna Domaszewska; Arkadiusz Janiak; Tomasz Podgórski; Anna Demuth; Jakub Kryściak; Paweł Perkowski; Urszula Czerniak. 2021. "A Pilot Study of Influence of Endurance Training on the Prooxidative and Antioxidant Status of Women after Breast Cancer." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 2822.

Journal article
Published: 06 March 2021 in Nutrients
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This single-arm interventional study examined the effect of a 4-week ketogenic diet (KD) on aerobic capacity and discipline-specific performance in female (n = 11) and male (n = 11) CrossFit-trained athletes. The participants performed incremental cycling (ICT) and Fight Gone Bad (FGB) tests after consuming a customary diet and a KD. Pre- and post-ICT exercise blood samples were also analysed. Consuming a KD had a slight impact on aerobic capacity and no relevant effect on CrossFit-specific performance. In females, consuming a KD led to an 10.4% decrease in peak oxygen uptake during the ICT (p = 0.027) and resulted in certain alterations in haematological parameters (haemoglobin (HGB), mean corpuscular HGB, and mean corpuscular HGB concentration). Furthermore, in males, alanine aminotransferase activity increased with a simultaneous improvement in the post-ICT blood acid–base balance after consuming a KD. The pre-exercise bilirubin concentration was also elevated in the entire group after consuming a KD. In conclusion, female CrossFit-trained athletes seem to be prone to aerobic performance decrements and increased risk of developing haematological disturbances when consuming a KD. In males who consumed a KD, there was an undesirable alanine aminotransferase elevation and a small tendency towards improved acid–base status. Moreover, consuming a KD had no effect on discipline-specific performance in CrossFit-trained athletes.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski; Paulina Nowaczyk; Natalia Główka; Anna Ziobrowska; Tomasz Podgórski. Is a Four-Week Ketogenic Diet an Effective Nutritional Strategy in CrossFit-Trained Female and Male Athletes? Nutrients 2021, 13, 864 .

AMA Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, Paulina Nowaczyk, Natalia Główka, Anna Ziobrowska, Tomasz Podgórski. Is a Four-Week Ketogenic Diet an Effective Nutritional Strategy in CrossFit-Trained Female and Male Athletes? Nutrients. 2021; 13 (3):864.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski; Paulina Nowaczyk; Natalia Główka; Anna Ziobrowska; Tomasz Podgórski. 2021. "Is a Four-Week Ketogenic Diet an Effective Nutritional Strategy in CrossFit-Trained Female and Male Athletes?" Nutrients 13, no. 3: 864.

Journal article
Published: 04 February 2021 in Nutrients
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Although it is recognized that dehydration and acidification of the body may reduce the exercise capacity, it remains unclear whether the qualitative and quantitative shares of certain ions in the drinks used by players during the same exertion may affect the indicators of their water–electrolyte and acid–base balance. This question was the main purpose of the publication. The research was carried out on female field hockey players (n = 14) throughout three specialized training sessions, during which the players received randomly assigned fluids of different osmolarity and minerals contents. The water–electrolyte and acid–base balance of the players was assessed on the basis of biochemical blood and urine indicators immediately before and after each training session. There were statistically significant differences in the values of all examined indicators for changes before and after exercise, while the differences between the consumed drinks with different osmolarities were found for plasma osmolality, and concentrations of sodium and potassium ions and aldosterone. Therefore, it can be assumed that the degree of mineralization of the consumed water did not have a very significant impact on the indicators of water–electrolyte and acid–base balance in blood and urine.

ACS Style

Joanna Kamińska; Tomasz Podgórski; Krzysztof Rachwalski; Maciej Pawlak. Does the Minerals Content and Osmolarity of the Fluids Taken during Exercise by Female Field Hockey Players Influence on the Indicators of Water-Electrolyte and Acid-Basic Balance? Nutrients 2021, 13, 505 .

AMA Style

Joanna Kamińska, Tomasz Podgórski, Krzysztof Rachwalski, Maciej Pawlak. Does the Minerals Content and Osmolarity of the Fluids Taken during Exercise by Female Field Hockey Players Influence on the Indicators of Water-Electrolyte and Acid-Basic Balance? Nutrients. 2021; 13 (2):505.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joanna Kamińska; Tomasz Podgórski; Krzysztof Rachwalski; Maciej Pawlak. 2021. "Does the Minerals Content and Osmolarity of the Fluids Taken during Exercise by Female Field Hockey Players Influence on the Indicators of Water-Electrolyte and Acid-Basic Balance?" Nutrients 13, no. 2: 505.

Journal article
Published: 16 December 2020 in PeerJ
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Background Regular exercise leads to changes in muscle metabolism. The consequence of this is the adaptation to higher training loads.The aim of this study was to evaluate biomechanical and biochemical parameters describing the functions of skeletal muscles in periods when changes in training forms were introduced. Methods Seventeen male sweep-oar rowers, members of the Polish national rowing team, participated. The study was carried out at the beginning and at the end of the preparatory period. In the first and second examination measurements of torques of selected muscle groups and blood biochemical analysis were performed. Results There was observed a statistically significant decrease in the relative global force of the right lower limb between both terms of examination. A statistically significant increase in maximum torque was found for torso flexors. In the case of muscles responsible for torso rotation, a statistically significant decrease in the torque values of right torso rotators was observed. A significant difference was found with respect to creatine kinase activity, total testosterone concentration, total testosterone to cortisol ratio and total phenolics concentration (p < 0.05). Conclusion The study shows that the rowers’ training should be more focused on building the strength of lower limbs to prevent the overload of lumbar spine and that the amount of force developed may be significantly affected by the antioxidant potential of rowers.

ACS Style

Tomasz Podgórski; Alicja Nowak; Katarzyna Domaszewska; Jacek Mączyński; Magdalena Jabłońska; Jarosław Janowski; Małgorzata B. Ogurkowska. Muscle strength and inflammatory response to the training load in rowers. PeerJ 2020, 8, e10355 .

AMA Style

Tomasz Podgórski, Alicja Nowak, Katarzyna Domaszewska, Jacek Mączyński, Magdalena Jabłońska, Jarosław Janowski, Małgorzata B. Ogurkowska. Muscle strength and inflammatory response to the training load in rowers. PeerJ. 2020; 8 ():e10355.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomasz Podgórski; Alicja Nowak; Katarzyna Domaszewska; Jacek Mączyński; Magdalena Jabłońska; Jarosław Janowski; Małgorzata B. Ogurkowska. 2020. "Muscle strength and inflammatory response to the training load in rowers." PeerJ 8, no. : e10355.

Journal article
Published: 14 July 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study assesses the status of hydration and the acid-base balance in female handball players in the Polish Second League before and after simulated matches in both indoor (hall) and beach (outdoor) conditions. The values of biochemical indicators useful for describing water-electrolyte management, such as osmolality, hematocrit, aldosterone, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and magnesium, were determined in the players’ fingertip capillary blood. Furthermore, the blood parameters of the acid-base balance were analysed, including pH, standard base excess, lactate and bicarbonate ion concentration. Additionally, the pH and specific gravity of the players’ urine were determined. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. It was found that both indoor and beach simulated matches caused post-exercise changes in the biochemical profiles of the players’ blood and urine in terms of water-electrolyte and acid-base balance. Interestingly, the location of a simulated match (indoors vs. beach) had a statistically significant effect on only two of the parameters measured post-exercise: concentration of calcium ions (lower indoors) and urine pH (lower on the beach). A single simulated game, regardless of its location, directly affected the acid-base balance and, to a smaller extent, the water-electrolyte balance, depending mostly on the time spent physically active during the match.

ACS Style

Joanna Kamińska; Tomasz Podgórski; Jakub Kryściak; Maciej Pawlak. Effect of Simulated Matches on Post-Exercise Biochemical Parameters in Women’s Indoor and Beach Handball. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5046 .

AMA Style

Joanna Kamińska, Tomasz Podgórski, Jakub Kryściak, Maciej Pawlak. Effect of Simulated Matches on Post-Exercise Biochemical Parameters in Women’s Indoor and Beach Handball. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (14):5046.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joanna Kamińska; Tomasz Podgórski; Jakub Kryściak; Maciej Pawlak. 2020. "Effect of Simulated Matches on Post-Exercise Biochemical Parameters in Women’s Indoor and Beach Handball." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5046.

Articles
Published: 04 March 2020 in Research in Sports Medicine
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This study sought to evaluate the hormonal response (i.e. total testosterone, free testosterone, cortisol, and their ratios TT/C and FT/C) in the under-19 youth soccer team (n = 18) throughout a six-month period. All sport medical examinations were conducted four times: before the beginning of the preparation period (T1), just after preparation period (T2), in the middle of the competitive period (T3), and at the end of the season (T4). The cortisol concentration was decreased at the T3 (−16.9%; p = 0.014), then increased at the T2 (16.8%; p = 0.001) and at the T4 (12.7%; p = 0.062), respectively, compared to the initial value. The analyses for total and free testosterone demonstrated no differences between the measurements. Finally, values of the TT/C and FT/C ratios were increased during the T3 (25%; p = 0.017, 24.4%; p = 0.021) in comparison with the initial measurement and decreased at the T4 (−28.9%; p = 0.001, – 30.8%; p = 0.001) in comparison with the T3. The study results showed that the lowest level of peripheral fatigue was recorded in the T3, which may suggest that a correct selection of training loads does not affect the severity of catabolic processes in youth players.

ACS Style

Marcin Andrzejewski; Tomasz Podgórski; Jakub Kryściak; Paweł Chmura; Marek Konefał; Jan Chmura; Jakub Marynowicz; Jacek Adrian; Beata Pluta. Anabolic–catabolic hormonal responses in youth soccer players during a half-season. Research in Sports Medicine 2020, 29, 141 -154.

AMA Style

Marcin Andrzejewski, Tomasz Podgórski, Jakub Kryściak, Paweł Chmura, Marek Konefał, Jan Chmura, Jakub Marynowicz, Jacek Adrian, Beata Pluta. Anabolic–catabolic hormonal responses in youth soccer players during a half-season. Research in Sports Medicine. 2020; 29 (2):141-154.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcin Andrzejewski; Tomasz Podgórski; Jakub Kryściak; Paweł Chmura; Marek Konefał; Jan Chmura; Jakub Marynowicz; Jacek Adrian; Beata Pluta. 2020. "Anabolic–catabolic hormonal responses in youth soccer players during a half-season." Research in Sports Medicine 29, no. 2: 141-154.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2020 in Scientific Reports
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The aim of this study was the assessment of progressive low-dose sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation on the anaerobic indices in two bouts of Wingate tests (WT) separated by wrestling-specific performance test and assessing the gender differences in response. Fifty-one (18 F) wrestlers completed a randomized trial of either a NaHCO3 (up to 100 mg·kg−1) or a placebo for 10 days. Before and after treatment, athletes completed an exercise protocol that comprised, in sequence, the first WT1, dummy throw test (DT), and second WT2. The number of completed throws increased significantly in males from 19.3 ± 2.6 NaHCO3pre to 21.7 ± 2.9 NaHCO3post. ΔWT2-WT1 improved particularly in the midsection of 30-s WT on NaHCO3. However, no significant differences were found in peak power (PP), power drop (PD) and average power (AP) (analyzed separately for each WT), and ΔWT2-WT1 in PP and PD. Interaction with gender was significant for AP, PP and PD, every second of WT1 and WT2, as well as DT test. In conclusion, our study suggests that the response to NaHCO3 may be gender-specific and progressive low-dose NaHCO3 supplementation allows the advantageous strengthening of wrestling-specific performance in males. It can also lead to maintenance of high anaerobic power mainly in the midsection of the 30-s Wingate test.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Durkalec–Michalski; Emilia E. Zawieja; Bogna Zawieja; Patrycja Michałowska; Tomasz Podgórski. The gender dependent influence of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on anaerobic power and specific performance in female and male wrestlers. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Durkalec–Michalski, Emilia E. Zawieja, Bogna Zawieja, Patrycja Michałowska, Tomasz Podgórski. The gender dependent influence of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on anaerobic power and specific performance in female and male wrestlers. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Durkalec–Michalski; Emilia E. Zawieja; Bogna Zawieja; Patrycja Michałowska; Tomasz Podgórski. 2020. "The gender dependent influence of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on anaerobic power and specific performance in female and male wrestlers." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 06 December 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The aim of this study was to determine relationships between repeated 1 × 1 small-sided games (SSGs) (variable duration, constant work-to-rest ratio) and the concentration of steroid hormones and characteristic fatigue markers in youth soccer players. Eighteen young male soccer players were assigned at random to two experimental groups: E1—undertaking a six 30 s one-on-one SSGs with a 2 min rest period; and E2—playing six 45 s SSGs with a 3 min rest interval. Capillary blood was collected from the players at rest, after the last game, and 15 and 30 min after the exercise protocol. The variables assessed included serum cortisol (C), free testosterone (FT) and total testosterone (TT). An effect was observed between the measurement times (TT (F = 15.26, p ≤ 0.0001), FT (F = 6.86, p = 0.0006)). In terms of cortisol (C) levels, no interactions or effect between the studied groups were revealed, but an interaction was found (F = 4.01, p = 0.0126) and the effect appeared between the measurement times (F = 11.16, p ≤ 0.0001). The study results show that in all likelihood, longer rest intervals in repeated 30 s 1 × 1 SSGs can reduce catabolic reactions and hence the risk of overtraining in youth soccer players.

ACS Style

Paweł Chmura; Tomasz Podgórski; Marek Konefał; Andrzej Rokita; Jan Chmura; Marcin Andrzejewski; Chmura. Endocrine Responses to Various 1 × 1 Small-Sided Games in Youth Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 4974 .

AMA Style

Paweł Chmura, Tomasz Podgórski, Marek Konefał, Andrzej Rokita, Jan Chmura, Marcin Andrzejewski, Chmura. Endocrine Responses to Various 1 × 1 Small-Sided Games in Youth Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (24):4974.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paweł Chmura; Tomasz Podgórski; Marek Konefał; Andrzej Rokita; Jan Chmura; Marcin Andrzejewski; Chmura. 2019. "Endocrine Responses to Various 1 × 1 Small-Sided Games in Youth Soccer Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 4974.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2019 in The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
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Body composition may affect the potential for success in sports. For this reason, our study aimed to determine the impact of body composition on the level of aerobic and anaerobic capacity in competitive rowers. The study involved 48 males aged 20±2 years. Body composition was analysed using electrical bioimpedance. Maximum aerobic capacity (VO2max) and average anaerobic power (AP) were determined using an incremental cycling test until exhaustion and a standard Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAT), respectively. The optimal ranges of body components with respect to the level of anaerobic and aerobic capacity at preparatory period for highly trained rowers aged 17-23 years, with body mass 67.5-104.7 kg, were 86-88% for fat free mass (FFM), 63-65% for total body water (TBW) and 11-13% for fat mass (FM). Regression analyses showed that BM and FFM significantly contributed to the prediction of VO2max and AP. The increase in FFM and BM by 1 kg resulted in the change of VO2max by +0.161 l.min-1 and -0.057 l.min-1, and AP by +5.51 W and +4.74 W, respectively. Body composition is closely related to the level of aerobic and anaerobic capacity in rowers, and we suggest that its regulation can serve as an effective tool to improve physical performance. The regression models we developed seem to be promising for estimating the changes in physical capacity based on body composition modifications, however, their accuracy should be verified in an experimental study.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski; Paulina M Nowaczyk; Tomasz Podgórski; Krzysztof Kusy; Wiesław Osiński; Jan Jeszka. Relationship between body composition and the level of aerobic and anaerobic capacity in highly trained male rowers. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2019, 59, 1526 -1535.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, Paulina M Nowaczyk, Tomasz Podgórski, Krzysztof Kusy, Wiesław Osiński, Jan Jeszka. Relationship between body composition and the level of aerobic and anaerobic capacity in highly trained male rowers. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2019; 59 (9):1526-1535.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski; Paulina M Nowaczyk; Tomasz Podgórski; Krzysztof Kusy; Wiesław Osiński; Jan Jeszka. 2019. "Relationship between body composition and the level of aerobic and anaerobic capacity in highly trained male rowers." The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 59, no. 9: 1526-1535.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 21 March 2019 in Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
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Potential health benefits are attributed to the antioxidant properties of green tea polyphenolic compounds. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a six-week green tea extract (GTE) supplementation combined with CrossFit workout on blood antioxidant status and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in men. Sixteen young males involved in CrossFit training were randomized into two groups supplemented with GTE or placebo for six weeks. Each participant performed an exercise test for the evaluation of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) twice, i.e., before starting (1st trial) and after completing the supplementation combined with CrosFit workout (2nd trial). Venous blood samples were drawn at rest, immediately post-test and after one hour of recovery in order to estimate activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], reduced glutathione [GR]), non-enzymatic antioxidants (reduced glutathione [GSH], uric acid [UA], total phenolics), total antioxidant capacity (FRAP), lipid peroxidation products (TBARS), and BDNF. Except for a significantly higher SOD activity and FRAP level recorded at rest and post-exercise in the 2nd trial compared to the corresponding values in the 1st trial, no significant differences were recorded among other assayed measures such as CAT, GPx, GR, GSH and BDNF. Moreover, a percentage increase in FRAP level was twice as high after six weeks’ GTE consumption than after placebo. Regardless of the trial, an increase in plasma UA concentration and a decrease in plasma total phenolics level were observed after exercise test. Plasma TBARS concentrations were significantly higher in PLA group after six weeks’ CrossFit training, while in GTE group they were slightly lower compared to the corresponding values in the 1st trial. Moreover, there was a significant inverse correlation between FRAP and TBARS in the GTE-supplemented group (r = − 0.40, p < 0.05). A six weeks’ consumption of GTE had marginal effect on aerobic capacity and serum BDNF level in CrossFit-trained men, but it caused a marked increase in the blood antioxidant capacity and a moderate attenuation of the training-induced lipid peroxidation.

ACS Style

Ewa Sadowska-Krępa; Przemysław Domaszewski; Ilona Pokora; Aleksandra Żebrowska; Agnieszka Gdańska; Tomasz Podgórski. Effects of medium-term green tea extract supplementation combined with CrossFit workout on blood antioxidant status and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in young men: a pilot study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2019, 16, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Ewa Sadowska-Krępa, Przemysław Domaszewski, Ilona Pokora, Aleksandra Żebrowska, Agnieszka Gdańska, Tomasz Podgórski. Effects of medium-term green tea extract supplementation combined with CrossFit workout on blood antioxidant status and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in young men: a pilot study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2019; 16 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewa Sadowska-Krępa; Przemysław Domaszewski; Ilona Pokora; Aleksandra Żebrowska; Agnieszka Gdańska; Tomasz Podgórski. 2019. "Effects of medium-term green tea extract supplementation combined with CrossFit workout on blood antioxidant status and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in young men: a pilot study." Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 16, no. 1: 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 13 June 2018 in Journal of Human Kinetics
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of the competitive phase on physiological and metabolic indices and selected markers of skeletal muscle damage in male volleyball players. The study group consisted of 24 young male volleyball players. During the study, participants underwent two series of measurements, before and after the competitive phase of the annual training cycle. In both study terms, players performed an incremental treadmill running test to determine their ventilatory threshold and maximal oxygen uptake. Venous and capillary blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis. There was no significant difference in the physical fitness level, values of biochemical variables and the level of antioxidant status in the surveyed athletes between the two study terms. Significant changes within skeletal muscle damage markers were observed between the beginning and the end of the competitive period: an increase in the concentration of cellular DNA damage products (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine; p < 0.0001) and a decrease in muscle activity of creatine kinase (p

ACS Style

Mateusz Radojewski; Tomasz Podgórski; Barbara Pospieszna; Jakub Kryściak; Ewa Śliwicka; Joanna Karolkiewicz. Skeletal Muscle Cell Damage Indicators in Volleyball Players after the Competitive Phase of the Annual Training Cycle. Journal of Human Kinetics 2018, 62, 81 -90.

AMA Style

Mateusz Radojewski, Tomasz Podgórski, Barbara Pospieszna, Jakub Kryściak, Ewa Śliwicka, Joanna Karolkiewicz. Skeletal Muscle Cell Damage Indicators in Volleyball Players after the Competitive Phase of the Annual Training Cycle. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2018; 62 (1):81-90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mateusz Radojewski; Tomasz Podgórski; Barbara Pospieszna; Jakub Kryściak; Ewa Śliwicka; Joanna Karolkiewicz. 2018. "Skeletal Muscle Cell Damage Indicators in Volleyball Players after the Competitive Phase of the Annual Training Cycle." Journal of Human Kinetics 62, no. 1: 81-90.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 30 May 2018 in Nutrients
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Gastrointestinal side effects are the main problem with sodium bicarbonate (SB) use in sports. Therefore, our study assessed the effect of a new SB loading regimen on anaerobic capacity and wrestling performance. Fifty-eight wrestlers were randomized to either a progressive-dose regimen of up to 100 mg∙kg−1 of SB or a placebo for 10 days. Before and after treatment, athletes completed an exercise protocol that comprised, in sequence, the first Wingate, dummy throw, and second Wingate tests. Blood samples were taken pre- and post-exercise. No gastrointestinal side effects were reported during the study. After SB treatment, there were no significant improvements in the outcomes of the Wingate and dummy throw tests. The only index that significantly improved with SB, compared to the placebo (p = 0.0142), was the time-to-peak power in the second Wingate test, which decreased from 3.44 ± 1.98 to 2.35 ± 1.17 s. There were also no differences in blood lactate or glucose concentrations. In conclusion, although the new loading regimen eliminated gastrointestinal symptoms, the doses could have been too small to elicit additional improvements in anaerobic power and wrestling performance. However, shortening the time-to-peak power during fatigue may be particularly valuable and is one of the variables contributing to the final success of a combat sports athlete.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski; Emilia Ewa Zawieja; Tomasz Podgórski; Bogna Ewa Zawieja; Patrycja Michałowska; Igor Łoniewski; Jan Jeszka. The Effect of a New Sodium Bicarbonate Loading Regimen on Anaerobic Capacity and Wrestling Performance. Nutrients 2018, 10, 697 .

AMA Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, Emilia Ewa Zawieja, Tomasz Podgórski, Bogna Ewa Zawieja, Patrycja Michałowska, Igor Łoniewski, Jan Jeszka. The Effect of a New Sodium Bicarbonate Loading Regimen on Anaerobic Capacity and Wrestling Performance. Nutrients. 2018; 10 (6):697.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski; Emilia Ewa Zawieja; Tomasz Podgórski; Bogna Ewa Zawieja; Patrycja Michałowska; Igor Łoniewski; Jan Jeszka. 2018. "The Effect of a New Sodium Bicarbonate Loading Regimen on Anaerobic Capacity and Wrestling Performance." Nutrients 10, no. 6: 697.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 17 May 2018 in PLoS ONE
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Sodium bicarbonate (SB) has been proposed as an ergogenic aid, as it improves high-intensity and resistance exercise performance. However, no studies have yet investigated SB application in CrossFit. This study examined the effects of chronic, progressive-dose SB ingestion on CrossFit-like performance and aerobic capacity. In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial, 21 CrossFit-trained participants were randomly allocated to 2 groups and underwent 2 trials separated by a 14-day washout period. Participants ingested either up to 150 mg∙kg-1 of SB in a progressive-dose regimen or placebo for 10 days. Before and after each trial, Fight Gone Bad (FGB) and incremental cycling (ICT) tests were performed. In order to examine biochemical responses, blood samples were obtained prior to and 3 min after completing each exercise test. No gastrointestinal (GI) side effects were reported during the entire protocol. The overall FGB performance improved under SB by ~6.1% (p<0.001) and it was ~3.1% higher compared to post placebo (PLApost) (p = 0.040). The number of repetitions completed in each round also improved under SB (mean from baseline: +5.8% to +6.4%). Moreover, in ICT, the time to ventilatory threshold (VT) (~8:25 min SBpost vs. ~8:00 min PLApost, p = 0.020), workload at VT (~218 W SBpost vs. ~208 W PLApost, p = 0.037) and heart rate at VT (~165 bpm SBpost vs. ~161 bpm PLApost, p = 0.030) showed higher SBpost than PLApost. Furthermore, the maximum carbon dioxide production increased under SB by ~4.8% (from ~3604 mL∙min-1 to ~3776 mL∙min-1, p = 0.049). Pyruvate concentration and creatine kinase activity before ICT showed higher SBpost than PLApost (~0.32 mmol∙L-1 vs. ~0.26 mmol∙L-1, p = 0.001; ~275 U∙L-1 vs. ~250 U∙L-1, p = 0.010, respectively). However, the small sample size limits the wide-application of our results. Progressive-dose SB ingestion regimen eliminated GI side effects and improved CrossFit-like performance, as well as delayed ventilatory threshold occurrence.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski; Emilia E. Zawieja; Tomasz Podgórski; Igor Łoniewski; Bogna Zawieja; Marta Warzybok; Jan Jeszka. The effect of chronic progressive-dose sodium bicarbonate ingestion on CrossFit-like performance: A double-blind, randomized cross-over trial. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0197480 .

AMA Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, Emilia E. Zawieja, Tomasz Podgórski, Igor Łoniewski, Bogna Zawieja, Marta Warzybok, Jan Jeszka. The effect of chronic progressive-dose sodium bicarbonate ingestion on CrossFit-like performance: A double-blind, randomized cross-over trial. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13 (5):e0197480.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski; Emilia E. Zawieja; Tomasz Podgórski; Igor Łoniewski; Bogna Zawieja; Marta Warzybok; Jan Jeszka. 2018. "The effect of chronic progressive-dose sodium bicarbonate ingestion on CrossFit-like performance: A double-blind, randomized cross-over trial." PLoS ONE 13, no. 5: e0197480.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in PJST
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Introduction. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in selected motor parameters of highly skilled field hockey players during the training macrocycle. It was assumed that the changes in the parameters examined in the study would correspond with the hypothesised variation related to the adaptive changes that were expected to take place. Material and methods. The study involved eleven field hockey players from the KS AZS-AWF Poznań club (age = 22.3 ± 1.1 years; height = 176.5 ± 4.0 cm; weight = 75.2 ± 6.3 kg; %FM = 12.2 ± 3.9%; VO2max = 55.4 ± 4.85 ml/kg/min). The dates of the measurements were agreed on with the trainers, who played an active role in the study, and were consistent with the cycle of planned measurements that were aimed at assessing the implementation of training/competition loads (two measurements during the preparatory period and one during the competition period). We examined the fundamental elements of motor preparation that are considered important in field hockey, that is speed endurance, running speed, and aerobic endurance. These assessments were supplemented by the measurements of lactate concentration in capillary blood as well as those of jumping ability and agility. Results. In most cases, the changes in the actual results corresponded with the hypothesised values adopted for the training. The relationships between the levels of particular parameters of the players’ motor skills were adequate to a great extent. Conclusion. The effects of the training observed both for the entire team and for individual players were generally in line with the goals of the training/ competition loads implemented. Any discrepancies that were found were identified and corrected by regulating individual exercise loads and were monitored in subsequent measurements.

ACS Style

Ryszard Strzelczyk; Jan M. Konarski; Krzysztof Karpowicz; Jarosław Janowski; Sylwia Bartkowiak; Agata Konarska; Tomasz Podgórski. Hypothesised and Actual Changes in the General Motor Parameters of Field Hockey Players During the Training Cycle. PJST 2018, 25, 31 -38.

AMA Style

Ryszard Strzelczyk, Jan M. Konarski, Krzysztof Karpowicz, Jarosław Janowski, Sylwia Bartkowiak, Agata Konarska, Tomasz Podgórski. Hypothesised and Actual Changes in the General Motor Parameters of Field Hockey Players During the Training Cycle. PJST. 2018; 25 (1):31-38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryszard Strzelczyk; Jan M. Konarski; Krzysztof Karpowicz; Jarosław Janowski; Sylwia Bartkowiak; Agata Konarska; Tomasz Podgórski. 2018. "Hypothesised and Actual Changes in the General Motor Parameters of Field Hockey Players During the Training Cycle." PJST 25, no. 1: 31-38.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in HOMO
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M. Krzykała; P. Leszczyński; M. Grzeskowiak; T. Podgorski; M. Woźniewicz-Dobrzyńska; Agata Konarska; R. Strzelczyk; J. Lewandowski; J.M. Konarski. Does field hockey increase morphofunctional asymmetry? A pilot study. HOMO 2018, 69, 43 -49.

AMA Style

M. Krzykała, P. Leszczyński, M. Grzeskowiak, T. Podgorski, M. Woźniewicz-Dobrzyńska, Agata Konarska, R. Strzelczyk, J. Lewandowski, J.M. Konarski. Does field hockey increase morphofunctional asymmetry? A pilot study. HOMO. 2018; 69 (1-2):43-49.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Krzykała; P. Leszczyński; M. Grzeskowiak; T. Podgorski; M. Woźniewicz-Dobrzyńska; Agata Konarska; R. Strzelczyk; J. Lewandowski; J.M. Konarski. 2018. "Does field hockey increase morphofunctional asymmetry? A pilot study." HOMO 69, no. 1-2: 43-49.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Archives of Medical Science
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One reason for the limited effectiveness of the available smoking cessation methods is the fact that the causes of tobacco addiction have not been adequately explained yet. Numerous anti-smoking programs aimed at women involve intense physical activity. The goal of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of health training for smoking cessation by young women in connection with the dopamine receptor gene (D4DR) in their genetic profile. Forty-eight adult female smokers were randomly assigned to: 1) a concentration training group, or 2) an aerobic and concentration training group. Genetic and phenotypic data were obtained from 48 participants. Genotyping was performed for allele 7 in the D4DR gene. Individuals with allele 7 in the dopamine receptor D4 gene have two times greater chances (OR = 2.13: 95% CI: 0.91–4.96) of quitting smoking than individuals without allele 7. No statistical significance was revealed (p = 0.0805). Individuals undertaking aerobic training in combination with concentration training are three times more likely (OR = 3.06: 95% CI: 1.03–9.05) to quit smoking than individuals who do not perform aerobic training (p = 0.0439). The results of the study show that an intensive, 6-week health training program had a significant influence on smoking cessation. Smoking quitters, who are genetically predisposed and decide to take up aerobic training in combination with concentration training, have much greater chances of quitting smoking.

ACS Style

Tomasz Podgórski; Grażyna Szmyt; Agnieszka Szmyt; Joanna Gronek; Roman Celka; Piotr Gronek. Aerobic and concentration training and allele 7 in the dopamine receptor D4 (D4DR) gene increase chances of smoking cessation in young Polish women. Archives of Medical Science 2018, 14, 199 -206.

AMA Style

Tomasz Podgórski, Grażyna Szmyt, Agnieszka Szmyt, Joanna Gronek, Roman Celka, Piotr Gronek. Aerobic and concentration training and allele 7 in the dopamine receptor D4 (D4DR) gene increase chances of smoking cessation in young Polish women. Archives of Medical Science. 2018; 14 (1):199-206.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomasz Podgórski; Grażyna Szmyt; Agnieszka Szmyt; Joanna Gronek; Roman Celka; Piotr Gronek. 2018. "Aerobic and concentration training and allele 7 in the dopamine receptor D4 (D4DR) gene increase chances of smoking cessation in young Polish women." Archives of Medical Science 14, no. 1: 199-206.

Studies in humans
Published: 18 December 2017 in International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
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The study was aimed at assessing the influence of 3-week low glycemic index (LGI) versus moderate glycemic index (MGI) diet on substrate oxidation during incremental exercise. 17 runners completed two 3-week trials of either LGI or MGI diet in a randomised counterbalanced manner. Before and after each trial the incremental cycling test was performed. Metabolic alternations were observed only within tested diets and no significant differences in fat and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation were found between MGI and LGI diets. Following MGI diet CHO oxidation rate increased. The AUC of fat oxidation decreased after both diets. Percent contribution of fat to energy yield declined, whereas contribution of CHO was augmented following MGI diet. This study indicates that the 3-week MGI diet increased the rate of carbohydrate oxidation during incremental cycling test and improved performance in acute intense exercise test, while both high-carbohydrate diets downregulated fat oxidation rate.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski; Emilia Ewa Zawieja; Bogna Zawieja; Tomasz Podgórski; Dominika Jurkowska; Jan Jeszka. Influence of low versus moderate glycemic index of diet on substrate oxidation and energy expenditure during incremental exercise in endurance athletes: a randomized counterbalanced cross-over trial. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2017, 69, 741 -752.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, Emilia Ewa Zawieja, Bogna Zawieja, Tomasz Podgórski, Dominika Jurkowska, Jan Jeszka. Influence of low versus moderate glycemic index of diet on substrate oxidation and energy expenditure during incremental exercise in endurance athletes: a randomized counterbalanced cross-over trial. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2017; 69 (6):741-752.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski; Emilia Ewa Zawieja; Bogna Zawieja; Tomasz Podgórski; Dominika Jurkowska; Jan Jeszka. 2017. "Influence of low versus moderate glycemic index of diet on substrate oxidation and energy expenditure during incremental exercise in endurance athletes: a randomized counterbalanced cross-over trial." International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 69, no. 6: 741-752.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 26 July 2017 in Nutrients
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Extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves, a natural source of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds, are commonly used as therapeutic agents for the improvement of both cognitive and physiological performance. The present study was aimed to test the effects of a six-week supplementation with 160 mg/day of a standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba or a matching placebo on aerobic performance, blood antioxidant capacity, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level in healthy, physically active young men, randomly allocated to two groups (n = 9 each). At baseline, as well as on the day following the treatment, the participants performed an incremental cycling test for the assessment of maximal oxygen uptake. Venous blood samples taken at rest, then immediately post-test and following 1 h of recovery, were analyzed for activities of antioxidant enzymes and plasma concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants, total phenolics, uric acid, lipid peroxidation products, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Our results show that six weeks’ supplementation with Ginkgo biloba extract in physically active young men may provide some marginal improvements in their endurance performance expressed as VO2max and blood antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by specific biomarkers, and elicit somewhat better neuroprotection through increased exercise-induced production of BDNF.

ACS Style

Ewa Sadowska-Krępa; Barbara Kłapcińska; Ilona Pokora; Przemysław Domaszewski; Katarzyna Kempa; Tomasz Podgórski. Effects of Six-Week Ginkgo biloba Supplementation on Aerobic Performance, Blood Pro/Antioxidant Balance, and Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Physically Active Men. Nutrients 2017, 9, 803 .

AMA Style

Ewa Sadowska-Krępa, Barbara Kłapcińska, Ilona Pokora, Przemysław Domaszewski, Katarzyna Kempa, Tomasz Podgórski. Effects of Six-Week Ginkgo biloba Supplementation on Aerobic Performance, Blood Pro/Antioxidant Balance, and Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Physically Active Men. Nutrients. 2017; 9 (8):803.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewa Sadowska-Krępa; Barbara Kłapcińska; Ilona Pokora; Przemysław Domaszewski; Katarzyna Kempa; Tomasz Podgórski. 2017. "Effects of Six-Week Ginkgo biloba Supplementation on Aerobic Performance, Blood Pro/Antioxidant Balance, and Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Physically Active Men." Nutrients 9, no. 8: 803.