Individuals suffering from motor dysfunction due to various diseases often face challenges in performing essential activities such as grasping objects using their upper limbs, eating, writing, and more. This limitation significantly impacts their ability to live independently. Brain–computer interfaces offer a promising solution, enabling them to interact with the external environment in a meaningful way. This exploration focused on decoding the electroencephalography of natural grasp tasks across three dimensions: movement-related cortical potentials, event-related desynchronization/synchronization, and brain functional connectivity, aiming to provide assistance for the development of intelligent assistive devices controlled by electroencephalography signals generated during natural movements. Furthermore, electrode selection was conducted using global coupling strength, and a random forest classification model was employed to decode three types of natural grasp tasks (palmar grasp, lateral grasp, and rest state). The results indicated that a noteworthy lateralization phenomenon in brain activity emerged, which is closely associated with the right or left of the executive hand. The reorganization of the frontal region is closely associated with external visual stimuli and the central and parietal regions play a crucial role in the process of motor execution. An overall average classification accuracy of 80.3% was achieved in a natural grasp task involving eight subjects.

The purpose of using electroencephalogram to explore the dynamic changes of brain functional connectivity during natural grasping tasks is to uncover the underlying mechanisms of information transmission between different brain regions during cognitive processing. This exploration aims to provide new insights for the development of brain-computer interface technology and contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of brain disorders. In this study, we used time-frequency cross mutual information to evaluate the brain functional connectivity during 3-class natural grasping tasks (palmar grasp, lateral grasp and rest state). Specifically, our analysis focused on the functional brain connectivity generated by the amplitude and phase of electroencephalogram signals within the alpha (8-13 Hz) and beta (20-30 Hz) frequency bands. To assess the differences in global coupling strength, we employed two-series correlation coefficients, between different motor periods and between different brain regions for the three motor tasks. Furthermore, it was compared that the differences in the global coupling strength between different motor periods in the same motor task. Finally, the analysis of topologic characteristics in brain functional connectivity networks between the three tasks was investigated. The findings of our study indicate that functional reorganization of frontal region closely related to external visual stimuli occurs during the motor preparation period. The onset of movement leads to a lateralized reorganization of brain functional connectivity, which is associated with the right or left of the executive hand. Both the central and parietal regions contribute prominently to motor execution, and the parietal region in particular plays an important role in the execution of fine motor movements. Further analysis revealed that it is the brain’s dynamic regulation of functional connectivity across frequency bands, amplitudes and phases, enabling it to perform multiple tasks with limited energy resources.

With the rapid advancement of biology and life sciences, there is an increasing demand for observing sub-cellular structures and molecular interactions at submicroscopic or even single-molecule levels, providing critical insights into life activities and disease diagnostics. Raman spectroscopy, which relies on molecular vibrational energy transitions, enables non-label and non-invasive cellular visualization, holding significant potential for modern medical technology. The microscopy method based on the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering effect, a novel visualization modality with superior signal intensity, chemical specificity, and label-free capability, demonstrates great promise in biomedical applications. Recently, dual-comb technology, consisting of two frequency combs with slightly different repetition rates, as a powerful light source has been successfully applied in CARS applications with the excellent performance characteristics of rapid acquisition, high resolution, and high signal-to-noise ratio. The dual-comb technique allows to clearly resolve sharp molecular lines and could suppress the non-resonant background in CARS. Through recent research progress, this work reviews the generation of dual-comb lasers based on a single cavity, the development of dual-comb CARS systems, and their biomedical applications. This review could provide further insights into high-resolution dual-comb CARS and potential ways to design such technology for potential biomedical applications.

To support mode-division multiplexing with reduced inter-modal crosstalk, we propose a novel polarization-maintaining few-mode fiber design with a uniform doping profile and no air holes. The fiber employs two placed low-index inclusions to lift modal degeneracy and achieve strong birefringence while maintaining compatibility with standard MCVD and OVD fabrication processes. A genetic algorithm is used to optimize the geometrical and refractive index parameters. Finite element simulations show that the optimized design supports ten guided modes with a minimum effective index difference exceeding $3.8\times {10}^{-4}$ across the C+L band. The fiber exhibits moderate dispersion and strong modal isolation. Tolerance analysis confirms good robustness against index fluctuations and moderate sensitivity to dimensional variations. These features suggest that the proposed PM-FMF is a promising candidate for short-reach spatial-division multiplexing applications where intrinsic polarization and mode separation are desired.