In this research, we investigated the yields of biochar, bio-oil, and synthesis gas under various pyrolysis conditions, as well as their impact on the elemental composition, FTIR, EDX, SEM, and HCV values of biochar. This study utilized three different pyrolysis temperatures (400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C), two holding times (30 and 60 min), and two N₂ gas flow rates (0.2 and 0.5 L min⁻¹). We observed that an increase in pyrolysis temperature led to a decrease in the yields of biochar and bio-oil, while synthesis gas yield increased, as expected. Additionally, a higher gas flow rate resulted in a reduction of biochar yield from 34.07% to 32.72%. A longer residence time diminished the bio-oil yield but increased the synthesis gas yield. The FTIR, EDX, and elemental analysis of biochar produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, with a 60-min holding time and a 0.2 L min⁻¹ N₂ gas flow rate, indicated maximized carbon content. Moreover, a more porous structure was observed at higher pyrolysis temperatures. The research also revealed that increases in pyrolysis temperature, residence time, and gas flow rate enhanced the energy content of the biochar.

In this research effect of different soil types (normal and saline), farmyard manure norms (2 ton/ha - 4 ton/ha), manure application techniques (surface and subsurface) and soil temperature levels (20-25°C, 25-30°C, 30-35°C, 35-40°C, 40-45°C and 45-50°C) were examined of the soil CO2 flux on the pots at the laboratory conditions. According to obtained results, soil type (ST), manure norm (MN), manure application technique (MAT) and soil temperature (T) values changed CO2 flux. CO2 flux value of saline soil condition smaller than the normal soil condition. As an expected result, increased the manure amount increased the CO2 flux from soil to atmosphere. However, CO2 flux on the condition that subsurface manure application was less than surface manure application. CO2 flux values at the high soil temperatures were more than low soil temperature conditions. According to the interaction (T*ST, T*MN and T*MAT) results were not statistically significant. Soil CO2 flux were affected by gradually increasing of temperature.