In this research, we investigated the yields of biochar, bio-oil, and synthesis gas under various pyrolysis conditions, as well as their impact on the elemental composition, FTIR, EDX, SEM, and HCV values of biochar. This study utilized three different pyrolysis temperatures (400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C), two holding times (30 and 60 min), and two N₂ gas flow rates (0.2 and 0.5 L min⁻¹). We observed that an increase in pyrolysis temperature led to a decrease in the yields of biochar and bio-oil, while synthesis gas yield increased, as expected. Additionally, a higher gas flow rate resulted in a reduction of biochar yield from 34.07% to 32.72%. A longer residence time diminished the bio-oil yield but increased the synthesis gas yield. The FTIR, EDX, and elemental analysis of biochar produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, with a 60-min holding time and a 0.2 L min⁻¹ N₂ gas flow rate, indicated maximized carbon content. Moreover, a more porous structure was observed at higher pyrolysis temperatures. The research also revealed that increases in pyrolysis temperature, residence time, and gas flow rate enhanced the energy content of the biochar.

The study aimed to determine the effects of torrefaction on the fuel properties of pellets. Therefore, firstly, torrefaction parameters of rose (Rosa Damascena Mill.) oil distillation solid waste and red pine sawdust were determined through the torrefaction optimization process in terms of temperature and holding time. Then, using the selected torrefaction parameters, 14 different raw and torrefied pellets containing RP, PS, and Turkish Elbistan Lignite were prepared in different weight ratios. Finally, the fuel properties of the prepared raw and torrefied pellets, namely dimensions, proximate analyses, higher heating values, tensile strength, durability, abrasive resistance, and water uptake resistances, were investigated. The findings demonstrated that the higher heating values and carbon content of raw biomass samples increased while their volatile matter content decreased. The use of lignite at high concentrations led to an increase in ash content and a decrease in the strength and durability of pellets, which should be emphasized. In addition, red pine sawdust was used in place of solid waste from rose oil distillation solid waste to produce pellets with greater strength. All pellet mixtures with torrefaction had higher heating values and energy densities despite the fact that their mass and energy efficiency had decreased. It was determined that torrefaction increased the pellets' resistance to absorbing water and gave them a more hydrophobic structure. Thus, it was determined that torrefaction could enhance the crucial fuel parameters of the biomass samples.

The purpose of this study was to calculate costs of milk production, gross production value, gross margin, absolute profit, and relative profit of dairy cattle farms located in the provinces of east Mediterranean region of Turkey. Primary data were collected from 148 dairy cattle farms designated using the Neyman Stratified Sampling method through surveys. Dairy farms were classified into four groups according to the number of cows. The data belong to the 2012 production season. A single product budget analysis method was used for calculating production costs. According to the results, variable costs amounted to 65.91% of total production costs. Feed cost (86.52%) was the main component of variable costs. The cost of 1 kg of milk, on average, was calculated as USD 0.261. The cost of milk was USD 0.499 on group 1 farms, USD 0.399 on group 2 farms, USD 0.272 on group 3 farms, and USD 0.233 on group 4 farms. Among the farms under study, average gross margin value was negative only on group 1 farm, and positive in all other groups. Absolute profit value was positive only on group 4 farm, and negative in all other groups. The average relative profit of the farms was 0.9067. The expansion of dairy farms could be reached by reducing the feed cost as well as increasing the scale of farms.

One of the most common problems in maize production is the management of plant residues. Small agricultural enterprises, which cannot allocate capital for acquiring stalk cutting machines for their operation, face many technical problems in preparing the sowing bed for the products that will be planted after maize. Stalks of maize that cannot be shredded adequately and on time cause machinery to clog, prevent the preparation of a proper sowing bed, increase fuel consumption and increase costs. The aim of this study is to compare the no-till sowing machine prototype and stalk cutting machine prototype with the classical stalk cutter in terms of some management values. The prototype stubble cutting machine used in the study was manufactured with a cylindrical structure and equipped with 24 cutting blades 1 cm thick and 8 cm wide. İn addition, the prototype stubble cutting machine used in the study was manufactured with a cylindrical structure and equipped with 24 cutting blades 1 cm thick and 8 cm wide. İn addition, the no-till seeder prototype was manufactured as a bucket-type seed hopper equipped with granular fertilizer capable of sowing four rows. It was concluded that the stubble cutting machine prototypes resulted in less fuel consumption with lower penetration resistance when compared with the classical stalk shredder.

Öz Küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği nedeniyle sulu ve kuru tarım alanları için farklı stratejilerin geliştirilip uygulanmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Türkiye’de kuru tarım alanları, sulu tarım alanlarından daha fazladır. Kuru tarım alanların eğimleri genel olarak %9-12 civarlarındır. Bu alanlarda %14’ünde hafif, %20’sinde orta, %63’ünde şiddetli ve çok şiddetli derecede erozyon görülmektedir. Erozyon geri dönüşü olmayan toprak ve karbon kayıplarını artırarak arazilerin bozulmasına, toprakların verimsizleşmesine ve uzun vadede iklim değişikliklerine neden olmaktadır. Spesifik bölgelerde toprak organik karbonun izlediği yolları doğru tespit etmek oldukça önemlidir. Organik karbon uygun şartlarda çok uzun süre topraklarda muhafaza edilebilir. Ancak arazi kullanımındaki değişim ve yoğun toprak işleme ile artan erozyon toprağın karbon stoklarını önemli ölçüde azaltmaktadır. Bu alanlarda farklı tarımsal uygulamalar ve toprak şartlarında göre organik karbon kayıpları ve karbondioksit salınımının tespit edilmesini amaçlayan yeni araştırmalar yapmak önem arz etmektedir. Tarım makinalarının kullanımı ile meydana gelen organik karbon kayıpları ve karbondioksit salınımı ile ilgili farklı sonuçları içeren ulusal ve uluslararası pek çok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemede sulu ve kuru tarım alanlarında yapılan yarımsal uygulamalar değerlendirilerek elde edilen sonuçlara göre kuru ve eğimli tarım alanları için bir yol haritası oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır.