Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the presence of a bacterial biofilm known as dental plaque. This biofilm affects the supporting apparatus of the teeth, especially the periodontal ligaments and the bone surrounding the teeth. Periodontal disease and diabetes seem to be interrelated and in a bidirectional relationship, and have been increasingly studied in recent decades. For example, diabetes mellitus has a detrimental effect on periodontal disease, increasing its prevalence, extent, and severity. In turn, periodontitis negatively affects glycemic control and the course of diabetes. This review aims to present the most recently discovered factors that contribute to the pathogenesis, therapy, and prophylaxis of these two diseases. Specifically, the article focuses on microvascular complications, oral microbiota, pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in diabetes, and periodontal disease. As presented in this review, these two diseases require specific/ complementary therapeutic solutions when they occur in association, with new clinical trials and epidemiological research being necessary for better control of this interdependent pathogenic topic.

(1) Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the benefit of combining chlorhexidine with the mechanical treatment of peri-implant mucositis. (2) Methods: Articles from 2016 to 2021 included in the PubMed and Scopus databases were analyzed, following the PICOS criteria and the randomized controlled study model that used chlorhexidine in various forms in the treatment of peri-mucositis. According to the established criteria, a limited number of studies were selected. These studies had as their criteria of evaluation for the effectiveness of chlorhexidine, plaque indices, bleeding indices and depth probing indices. Chlorhexidine has been used after mechanical debridement as a solution, with different concentrations of 0.06%/0.12%/0.2% alone or in a concentration of 0.03%, in combination with 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride, as well as in the form of a gel with a concentration of 0.2%. (3) Results: The results were assessed to a placebo or other substances, and showed a significant reduction in the indices with a follow-up period ranging from 3 months to 1 year. (4) Conclusions: The association of chlorhexidine with the mechanical treatment of peri-implant mucositis has a role in reducing inflammation, although a complete remission was not obtained in all cases, and the results were not statistically significantly different from the use of other antiseptics.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the improvement of periodontal health in patients with periodontitis treated with non-surgical periodontal therapy and subgingival-administrated local and systemic antimicrobial agents. A female teenager with periodontitis-associated health issues and a history of dental trauma was selected for this study. Clinical indices were obtained, and radiographic examination was performed at the beginning of the study. The patient was treated with periodontal therapy and administration of antibiotics. After this therapy, visits were scheduled at regular intervals to observe the clinical changes. Non-surgical periodontal therapy and administration of local and systemic antibiotics resulted in a reduction in the patient pocket depth probing, plaque index, and bleeding on probing. Gingival and periodontal health improved in terms of gingival overgrowth, plaque, tartar index, and tooth mobility. Suppuration was eliminated, and no gingival inflammation signs were observed.

This systematic review aims to explore the relationship between chronic inflammation of periodontal disease and neurodegenerative disorders (especially Parkinson's disease), focusing primarily on pathophysiological, clinical and immunological aspects. An exhaustive search on this topic was performed in several databases (including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) selecting articles published between 2006 and 2023. After reviewing the titles, abstracts and protocols of each study, 13 articles were extracted for detailed assessment. The main indicators in the study included clinical signs of gingival inflammation, bleeding on probing (BoP), bone loss (BL), periodontal probing depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Additionally, levels of inflammatory markers such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-17 (IL-17), interferon γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were monitored. The investigation also explored the presence of one of the main periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis) in the microbiota of Parkinson's disease patients. In conclusion, the data presented further support the intricated relationship between periodontal health and neurodegenerative processes, including aspects related to changes in clinical periodontal indices, immunological indices, as well as oral hygiene and patient medication.

This study investigates the relationship between periodontal disease and vitamin D deficiency by correlating clinical periodontal parameters with serum levels of vitamin D; (2) Methods: Data from the literature and the periodontal status of two patients diagnosed with both periodontal disease and vitamin D deficiency were evaluated. Clinical parameters were measured, including plaque index, bleeding on probing, and bone resorption (%). Serum levels of vitamin D were also analyzed. Additionally, the patients underwent initial periodontal treatment to improve the periodontal status; (3) Results: Both patients exhibited advanced periodontal disease with elevated clinical parameters and significant bone resorption. Serum levels of vitamin D were below normal; (4) Conclusions: The findings suggest a significant association between vitamin D deficiency and periodontal disease severity. Low serum levels of vitamin D may exacerbate periodontal tissue destruction and bone resorption. Early detection and management of vitamin D deficiency could play a crucial role in preventing and treating periodontal disease.

Aim of the study. The aim of the study was to evaluate the Romanian children's perception regarding 2 of the most common oral pathologies, dental caries and gingivitis in correlation with oral health behaviours. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study. The answers to 2 questionnaires distributed to children 12-15 years old from 2 schools in Bucharest, Romania were analyzed. One questionnaire included questions related to oral pathology, and the other to oral health maintenance behaviour. In our dental research study we made use of descriptive statistics in order to summarize continuous and categorical variables. The test used to examine relationship between children’s perceptions and their behaviours was Roa-Scott chi-square test Results. All 137 children who participated in the study completed both questionnaires. Among them, 62% considered that a broken tooth is not a form of disease, but still 94.8% of them would go to the dentist. Regarding gingival bleeding, even if its presence as a sign of illness was not conclusive, most children (78.8%) considered that this sign requires medical attention. The frequency of sugar consumption in our study was low in 80.3% of children, and the frequency of brushing was more than once a day for 77.4% of subjects. Conclusions. Although most children perceived dental cavity as a disease and, gingival bleeding as not a sign of illness., there was a consensus regarding both conditions, that is, the necessity of dental treatment. Awareness of the need for dental treatment in case of signs for these two diseases is very important for promoting preventive dental programs for children.