In this study, cellulose was extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) through a convenient five-step treatment, and procedures were performed. During the alkaline curing process of the extraction of cellulose, NaOH has a concentration of (0.5, 1.5, 2.75, and 4) and the extraction time (15, 30, and 45min) at a constant temperature of 120°C were taken as variables and perfectly optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) for cellulose with the highest product. The optimum conditions were found to be 2.75 NaOH, 120°C, and 45min with a cellulose yield of 73.71±0.67 cellulose, 17.22±0.82 hemicellulose, and 9.07±0.95 lignin. Though most of the lignin was eliminated during the alkaline and dilute acid pretreatment process, the remaining lignin was removed by a solution treatment of 4 NaOH, and 21.92 H₂O₂ at 121°C for 44.97min where the cellulose yield was found as 89.75±0.64, hemicellulose was 6.15±0.83, and lignin was 2.65±0.66. Morphological analysis revealed that the average diameter of the cellulose was 12.06µm. Thermal and XRD diffraction analysis showed that the cellulose is thermally stable and has a crystallinity index of 31.63. FTIR spectra demonstrate that cellulose was successfully extracted due to the removal of noncellulose components.

Recently, polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has been explored as a potential catalytic material for the removal of organic pollutants in wastewater. In this work, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) photocatalysts were synthesized using mixtures of low-cost, environment-friendly urea and thiourea as precursors by varying calcination temperatures ranging from 500 to 650 °C for 3 h in an air medium. Different analytical methods were used to characterize prepared g-C₃N₄ samples. The effects of different calcination temperatures on the structural, morphological, optical, and physiochemical properties of g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts were investigated. The results showed that rhodamine B (RhB) dye removal efficiency of g-C₃N₄ prepared at a calcination temperature of 600 °C exhibited 94.83% within 180 min visible LED light irradiation. Photocatalytic activity of g-C₃N₄ was enhanced by calcination at higher temperatures, possibly by increasing crystallinity that ameliorated the separation of photoinduced charge carriers. Thus, controlling the type of precursors and calcination temperatures has a great impact on the photocatalytic performance of g-C₃N₄ towards the photodegradation of RhB dye. This investigation provides useful information about the synthesis of novel polymeric g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts using a mixture of two different environmentally benign precursors at high calcination temperatures for the photodegradation of organic pollutants.

Room temperature (RT) synthesis of the ternary cesium lead bromide CsPbBr₃ quantum dots with oleic acid and oleylamine ligands was developed by Zeng and coworkers in 2016. In their works, the supersaturated recrystallization (SR) was adopted as a processing method without requiring inert gas and high-temperature injection. However, the oleic acid ligand for haloplumbate is known to be relatively unstable. Hence, in this work, we employed the eco-friendly olive oil to replace the oleic acid portion for the SR process at RT. Resultantly, we found that the cube-shaped nanocrystal has a size of ~40–42 nm and an optical bandgap of ~2.3 eV independent of the surface ligands, but the photoluminescence lifetime (τ_av) and crystal packing are dependent on the ligand species, e.g., τ_av = 3.228 ns (olive oil and oleylamine; here less ordered) vs. 1.167 ns (oleic acid and oleylamine). Importantly, we explain the SR mechanism from the viewpoint of the classical LaMer model combined with the solvent engineering technique in details.

The pristine WO₃ (tungsten trioxide) and Cu/Ni Co-doped WO₃ nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation synthesis methods with fixed wt.% of nickel, i.e., 5 wt.%, and different wt.% of copper, i.e., 2, 3, 5 wt.%. The structural, optical and electrical properties, as well as the surface morphology were investigated thoroughly by various characterization techniques. All the doped/co-doped and un-doped samples had an orthorhombic structure, according to the XRD measurements. The XRD results further confirmed that the average crystalline size ranged from 46 to 25 nm after the dopant concentration was introduced. Reflectance spectroscopy was used to investigate the optical properties of the prepared nanomaterials and revealed that the optical band gap varied from 2.80 to 2.63 eV with dopant concentrations. The room temperature photoluminescence study showed that the emission peaks were observed in the visible region with slight peak shift towards short wavelength with dopant concentrations. The FTIR studies described the different mode of band related to a functional groups present in the materials and the stretching mode of O–W–W observed from 550 to 1050 cm⁻¹. The I-V studies confirmed that the prepared samples had a good ohmic contact behavior and the resistivity decreased from 6.3 × 10⁻³Ω.cm to 0.63 × 10⁻³ Ω.cm with doping concentrations.

In this study, heterostructured g-C₃N₄/Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposites were successfully fabricated using an easily accessible hydrothermal route. Various analytical tools were employed to investigate the surface morphology, crystal structure, specific surface area, and optical properties of as-synthesized samples. XRD and TEM characterization results provided evidence of the successful fabrication of the ternary g-C₃N₄/Ag–TiO₂ heterostructured nanocomposite. The heterostructured g-C₃N₄/Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposite exhibited the best degradation efficiency of 98.04% against rhodamine B (RhB) within 180 min under visible LED light irradiation. The g-C₃N₄/Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposite exhibited an apparent reaction rate constant 13.16, 4.7, and 1.33 times higher than that of TiO₂, Ag–TiO₂, and g-C₃N₄, respectively. The g-C₃N₄/Ag–TiO₂ ternary composite demonstrated higher photocatalytic activity than pristine TiO₂ and binary Ag–TiO₂ photocatalysts for the degradation of RhB under visible LED light irradiation. The improved photocatalytic performance of the g-C₃N₄/Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposite can be attributed to the formation of an excellent heterostructure between TiO₂ and g-C₃N₄ as well as the incorporation of Ag nanoparticles, which promoted efficient charge carrier separation and transfer and suppressed the rate of recombination. Therefore, this study presents the development of heterostructured g-C₃N₄/Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposites that exhibit excellent photocatalytic performance for the efficient degradation of harmful organic pollutants in wastewater, making them promising candidates for environmental remediation.