In this research work, Bi₂O₃, Bi₂O₃/GO and Bi₂O₃/CuO/GO nanocomposites have been synthesized via an eco-friendly green synthesis technique, solgel route and co-precipitation method respectively for the assessment of antibacterial activity as well as in vivo toxicity. The XRD patterns confirm the formation of Bi₂O₃, Bi₂O₃/GO and Bi₂O₃/CuO/GO nanocomposites showing monoclinic structures. Crystallite size and lattice strain are calculated by Scherrer equation, Scherrer plot and Willimson Hall plot methods. Average crystallite size measured for Bi₂O₃, Bi₂O₃/GO and Bi₂O₃/CuO/GO nanocomposites by Scherrer equation, Scherrer plot and WH-plot methods are (5.1, 13.9, 11.5)nm, (5.4, 14.2, 11.3)nm and (5.2, 13.5, 12.0)nm respectively. Optical properties such as absorption peaks and band-gap energies are studied by UV–vis spectroscopy. The FTIR peaks at 513 cm⁻¹, 553 cm⁻¹and 855 cm⁻¹confirms the successful synthesis of Bi₂O₃, Bi₂O₃/GO and Bi₂O₃/CuO/GO nanocomposites. The antibacterial activity of synthesized Bi₂O₃, Bi₂O₃/GO and Bi₂O₃/CuO/GO nanocomposites is examined against two gram-negative (Escherichia coliand pseudomonas) as well as gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereusandStaphylococcus aureus) at dose 25 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg by disk diffusion technique. Zone of inhibition for Bi₂O₃, Bi₂O₃/GO and Bi₂O₃/CuO/GO at dose 40 mg/kg againstE. coli(gram − ve) are 12 mm, 17 mm and 18 mm respectively and againstPseudomonas(gram − ve) are 28 mm, 19 mm and 21 mm respectively. While the zone of inhibition for Bi₂O₃/GO and Bi₂O₃/CuO/GO at dose 40 mg/kg againstB. cereus(gram + ve) are 8 mm and 8.5 mm respectively and againstS. aureus(gram + ve) are 5 mm and 10.5 mm respectively. These amazing results reveal that Bi₂O₃, Bi₂O₃/GO and Bi₂O₃/CuO/GO nanocomposite as a kind of antibacterial content, have enormous potential for biomedical applications. In addition, the in vivo toxicity of synthesized Bi₂O₃/CuO/GO nanocomposite is investigated onSwiss Albinomice at dose of 20 mg/kg by evaluating immune response, hematology and biochemistry at the time period of 2, 7, 14 and 30 days. No severe damage is observed in mice during whole treatment. Thepvalue calculated by statistical analysis of hematological and biochemistry tests is nonsignificant which ensures that synthesized nanocomposites are safe and non-toxic as they do not affect mice significantly. This study proves that Bi₂O₃/CuO/GO nanocomposites are biocompatible and can be explored further for different biomedical applications.

Polyester-based advanced thin films have versatile industrial applications, especially in the fields of textiles, packaging, and electronics. Recent advances in polymer science and engineering have resulted in the development of advanced amorphous and semi-crystalline polyesters with exceptional performance compared to those of conventional polymeric films. Among these, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) and cyclic-monomer-based polyesters have gained considerable attention for their exceptional characteristics and potential applications in smart films. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and applications of CHDM and cyclic-monomer-based advanced polymers for smart film applications. It discusses the structure–property relationships of these innovative polyesters and highlights their unique characteristics, including thermal, mechanical, and barrier characteristics. Furthermore, this article also emphasizes the solution, melt, and solid-state polymerizations of the polymers. Special emphasis is placed on the influence of the addition of a second diol or second diacid on the performance characteristics of synthesized polyesters/copolyesters to explore their versatile industrial applications. Additionally, the impact of the stereochemistry of the monomers is explored to optimize the characterization of polyesters suitable for industrial applications. Furthermore, this article explores the potential of these advanced polyesters to be considered as materials for smart film applications, especially in the field of flexible electronics. Finally, this article examines the challenges and future recommendations for the development of CHDM and cyclic-monomer-based polyesters for smart film applications. It discusses potential avenues for further research, including in-depth studies for the synthesis and characterization of polyesters, the development of sustainable and biodegradable alternatives to cyclic monomers, alternative green approaches for the synthesis of polymers, etc. This review article provides valuable insight for researchers in academia and industry who are working in the fields of polymer science and materials engineering.

ZnO and TiO₂ are both well-known electron transport materials. Their comparison of performance is considered advantageous and novel. Therefore, a viable electrospinning route was considered for the development of highly polycrystalline TiO₂ and ZnO nanofibers as an electron transport material (ETM) for perovskite solar cells. The materials were well-characterized in terms of different analytical techniques. The X-ray diffraction detected polycrystalline structural properties corresponding to TiO₂ and ZnO. Morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy revealed that the nanofibers are long, uniform, and polycrystalline, having a diameter in the nanometer range. Optoelectronic properties showed that TiO₂ and ZnO exhibit absorption values in the ultraviolet and visible ranges, and band gap values for TiO₂ and ZnO were 3.3 and 3.2 eV, respectively. TiO₂ bandgap and semiconductor nature were more compatible with Electron Transport Layer (ETL) compared to ZnO. Electrical studies revealed that TiO₂ nanofibers have enhanced values of conductivity and sheet carrier mobility compared to ZnO nanofibers. Therefore, higher photovoltaic conversion efficiency was achieved for TiO₂ nanofibers (10.4%) compared to ZnO (8.5%).

Pain is a multifaceted multisystem disorder that adversely affects neuro-psychological processes. This study compares the effectiveness of central-stimulation (tDCS) and peripheral-stimulation (TENS) in pain-inhibition during a cognitive-task in healthy volunteers and to observe potential neuro-cognitive improvements. Healthy eighty volunteers went through a complete experimental protocol comprising pain-induction (CPT), administration of tDCS/TENS, EEG-data acquisition, and cognitive assessments. The protocol for this study is categorized into 04-groups: G1(Control), G2(TENS), G3(Anodal-tDCS), and G4(Cathodal-tDCS). Paired t-tests (p

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most lethal human malignancies, accounting for approximately 80–90% of primary liver cancers and ranking as the third leading cause of cancer-related ...