The potential cancer risk associated with electronic-cigarette (e-cigarette) use is ongoing and remains a subject of debate. E-Cigarettes work by heating a liquid that usually contains nicotine, flavorings, and other chemicals. When the liquid is heated, users inhale an aerosol into their lungs. While e-cigarettes are generally considered less harmful than traditional tobacco products, they still contain potentially harmful chemicals, which can damage DNA and lead to cancer. Several studies have investigated the potential cancer risk associated with e-cigarette use, while other studies have suggested that e-cigarette aerosol may contain carcinogenic chemicals that could increase the risk of lung and bladder cancer in humans. However, these studies are limited in their scope and do not provide conclusive evidence. Overall, the long-term cancer risk associated with e-cigarette use remains uncertain, more research is needed to fully understand the potential risks and benefits of e-cigarettes. However, this review will allow the investigator to get more recent updates about e-cigarettes.

The incidence of cancer is increasing worldwide, affecting a vast majority of the human population, therefore, new different anticancer agents are being developed now and their safety still needs to be evaluated. Among them, pyridine based drugs are contributing a lot, as they are one of the imperative pharmacophores occurring synthetically as well as naturally in heterocyclic compounds, having a wide-range of therapeutic applications in the area of drug discovery that offers many chances for further improvement in antitumor agents via acting onto numerous receptors of extreme prominence. Many pyridine derivatives are reported to inhibit enzymes, receptors and many other targets for controlling and curing the global health issue of cancer. Nowadays in combination with other moieties, researchers are focusing on the development of pyridine-based new derivatives for cancer treatment. Therefore, this review sheds light on the recent therapeutic expansion of pyridine together with its molecular docking, structure-activity-relationship, availability in the market, a summary of recently patented and published research works that shall jointly help the scientists to produce effective drugs with the desired pharmacological activity.

Monkeypox (Mpox), a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, has gained global attention due to rising incidence and the emergence of new clades. Understanding the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and diagnostic challenges associated with the two major clades, Clades I and II, is crucial for outbreak preparedness and control. This review analyzes Mpox clades, highlighting their geographic distribution, virulence, transmissibility, and diagnostic approaches. It also presents recent outbreaks, diagnostic advancements, vaccination strategies, and critical research gaps in Mpox surveillance and response. Clade I, primarily in Central Africa, exhibits the highest virulence with a 5–10% case fatality rate. Clade II, which includes subclades IIa, IIb, and the newly identified Clade Ib, demonstrates lower virulence but higher transmissibility beyond endemic regions. Recent outbreaks (2022–2024), driven by Clade IIb, present atypical clinical presentations and emphasize intimate human-to-human contact as a key transmission route. Polymerase chain reaction, next-generation sequencing, and emerging CRISPR-based diagnostics have improved detection, while modified vaccinia Ankara-based vaccines have shown effectiveness despite challenges in equitable distribution. Addressing critical research gaps, such as clade-specific virulence mechanisms, zoonotic reservoirs, and evolutionary patterns, is essential for improving Mpox surveillance and control. Strengthening genomic surveillance, expanding access to affordable diagnostics, and fostering international collaboration will enhance preparedness for future outbreaks and mitigate the impact of this emerging infectious disease. • Comparison of Mpox virus (MPXV) clades, in geography, virulence, transmission, and clinical outcomes between Clade I, Clade II, and emerging subclades IIb and Ib. • The epidemiology of Mpox focuses on the 2022–2024 global outbreaks of Clade IIb, marked by unusual clinical presentations and fast human-to-human spread in non-endemic areas. • Key advancements in diagnostic technologies like PCR, NGS, and CRISPR assays, improving MPXV detection and clade differentiation. • The effectiveness of MVA-based vaccines against various MPXV clades is presented while highlighting challenges in equitable distribution and region-specific vaccination strategies. • Emerging Mpox research priorities include genomic surveillance, clade-specific virulence, affordable diagnostics, and overcoming socioeconomic barriers to outbreak management.

Cancer is becoming more common worldwide, impacting the vast majority of people. As a result, new anticancer drugs are currently being created, and their safety is still being assessed. Pyrazine-based medications are a substantial contribution, as they are one of the most important pharmacophores found in heterocyclic compounds both synthetically and naturally. It's a six-membered aromatic heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms with a wide range of therapeutic applications in drug development and numerous prospects for future enhancement in anticancer drugs by targeting several critical receptors. A number of pyrazine compounds have been shown to inhibit enzymes, receptors, and a range of additional cancer-fighting targets. Researchers are currently focused on the creation of pyrazine-based novel derivatives for cancer treatment in combination with other moieties. As a result, this review illuminates the recent therapeutic expansion of pyrazine-based drugs, as well as their synthetic schemes, tabulated detailed clinical trial drugs, marketed drugs with their primary target, and a list of recently patented and published research papers, all of which will help scientists build successful medications with the appropriate pharmacological activity.

A double bond between the nitrogen and carbon atoms characterizes a wide class of compounds known as Schiff bases. The flexibility of Schiff bases is formed from several methods and may be combined with alkyl or aryl substituents. The group is a part of organic compounds, either synthetic or natural, and it serves as a precursor and an intermediate in drugs that have therapeutic action. The review focuses on molecular docking and structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis for antidiabetic effects of the different nonmetal Schiff bases. Many studies have found that Schiff bases are used as linkers in an extensive range of synthesized compounds and other activities. Thus, this current study aims to give the scientific community a thoughtful look at the principal ideas put forward by investigators regarding antidiabetic actions exhibited by certain Schiff-based derivatives, as this review covered many aspects, including docking and SAR analysis. For individuals who intend to create novel antidiabetic compounds with Schiff bases as pharmacophores or physiologically active moieties, it will be an invaluable informational resource.