Mohamad Al Hallak

Mr. Mohamad Al Hallak

Toulouse, Laboratory for Materials and Construction Works Durability, Toulouse, Occitanie, France
orcid

Research Focus & Metrics

Academic Career Length

4Years (2023-Present)

(Calculated once Scilit publication data is synced: current year − year of first publication + 1)

Representative Publications

View All Publications
25 February 2023 in Toxins
Verified
Journal Article
Open access
PDF file
Mohamad Al HallakMohamad Al Hallak
Mohamad Al Hallak
TVThomas Verdier
Thomas Verdier
Alexandra BertronAlexandra Bertron
Alexandra Bertron
CRChristine Gisèle Roques
Christine Gisèle Roques
Jean-Denis BaillyJean-Denis Bailly
Jean-Denis Bailly
It is now well established that biological pollution is a major cause of the degradation of indoor air quality. It has been shown that microbial communities from the outdoors may significantly impact the communities detected indoors. One can reasonably assume that the fungal contamination of the surfaces of building materials and their release into indoor air may also significantly impact indoor air quality. Fungi are well known as common contaminants of the indoor environment with the ability to grow on many types of building materials and to subsequently release biological particles into the indoor air. The aerosolization of allergenic compounds or mycotoxins borne by fungal particles or vehiculated by dust may have a direct impact on the occupant’s health. However, to date, very few studies have investigated such an impact. The present paper reviewed the available data on indoor fungal contamination in different types of buildings with the aim of highlighting the direct connections between the growth on indoor building materials and the degradation of indoor air quality through the aerosolization of mycotoxins. Some studies showed that average airborne fungal spore concentrations were higher in buildings where mould was a contaminant than in normal buildings and that there was a strong association between fungal contamination and health problems for occupants. In addition, the most frequent fungal species on surfaces are also those most commonly identified in indoor air, regardless the geographical location in Europe or the USA. Some fungal species contaminating the indoors may be dangerous for human health as they produce mycotoxins. These contaminants, when aerosolized with fungal particles, can be inhaled and may endanger human health. However, it appears that more work is needed to characterize the direct impact of surface contamination on the airborne fungal particle concentration. In addition, fungal species growing in buildings and their known mycotoxins are different from those contaminating foods. This is why further in situ studies to identify fungal contaminants at the species level and to quantify their average concentration on both surfaces and in the air are needed to be better predict health risks due to mycotoxin aerosolization.
1

22 July 2023 in Catalysts
Verified
Journal Article
Open access
PDF file
Mohamad Al HallakMohamad Al Hallak
Mohamad Al Hallak
TVThomas Verdier
Thomas Verdier
Alexandra BertronAlexandra Bertron
Alexandra Bertron
KLKevin Castelló Lux
Kevin Castelló Lux
OAOns EL ATTI
Ons EL ATTI
Jean-Denis BaillyJean-Denis Bailly
Jean-Denis Bailly
Microbial contamination of the surface of building materials and subsequent release of microbial particles into the air can significantly affect indoor air quality. Avoiding the development or, at least, reducing the quantity of microorganisms growing on building materials is a key point to reduce health risks for building occupiers. In that context, the antimicrobial activity of TiO2, ZnO and Au/ZnO was assessed by measuring log reductions of Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger populations both in the dark and under a light intensity close to real-life conditions. The bactericidal activities (≥2.3 log reduction) of tested products were stronger than their fungicidal activities (≤1.4 log reduction) after 2 h of contact. Different parameters including concentration of photocatalyst, intensity of light (dark vs. 5 W/m2 UV-A), and duration of contact between photocatalyst and microbial cells and spores were investigated. Results of this study confirmed bactericidal activities of TiO2, ZnO and AuZnO on E. coli and brought new insight on their fungicidal activity on the spores of A. niger. They also confirmed the greatest antimicrobial efficiency of ZnO compared to TiO2 and its increased photocatalytic activity when decorated with Au, leading to the highest log reductions detected after 2 h of contact for both tested microorganisms (4 and 1.4 for E. coli and A. niger, respectively). The antimicrobial activity was enhanced by the duration of contact between microorganisms and nanoparticles of the different tested photocatalytic products.

3 April 2025 in Pathogens
Verified
Journal Article
Open access
PDF file
Mohamad Al HallakMohamad Al Hallak
Mohamad Al Hallak
TVThomas Verdier
Thomas Verdier
Alexandra BertronAlexandra Bertron
Alexandra Bertron
MMMyriam Mercade
Myriam Mercade
PLPascale Lepercq
Pascale Lepercq
Jean-Denis BaillyJean-Denis Bailly
Jean-Denis Bailly
Molds are frequent indoor contaminants, where they can colonize many materials. The subsequent aerosolization of fungal spores from moldy surfaces can strongly impact indoor air quality and the health of occupants. The investigation of fungal contamination of habitations is a key point in evaluating sanitary risks and understanding the relationship that may exist between the fungal presence on surfaces and air contamination. However, to date there is no “gold standard” of sampling indoor air for such investigations. Among various air sampling methods, impingement can be used for capturing fungal spores, as it enables real-time sampling and preserves analytical follow-up. Its efficiency varies depending on several factors, such as spore hydrophobicity, sampling conditions, etc. Sampling devices may also impact the results, with recovery rates sometimes lower than filtration-based methods. The Coriolis µ air sampler, an impingement-based device, utilizes centrifugal force to concentrate airborne particles into a liquid medium, offering flexibility for molecular analysis. Several studies have used this device for air sampling, demonstrating its application in detecting pollen, fungal spores, bacteria, and viruses, but it is most often used in laboratory conditions. The present case study, conducted in a moldy house, aims to investigate the efficiency of this device in sampling fungal spores for DNA analysis in indoor environments. The results obtained suggest that the use of this device requires an optimized methodology to enhance its efficiency and reliability in bioaerosol research.


8 April 2026
Verified
Thesis
Closed access
Mohamad Al HallakMohamad Al Hallak
Mohamad Al Hallak
Etude de la contamination fongique de l'air et des matériaux et de l'aérosolisation pour l'amélioration de la qualité de l'air intérieur: La pollution de l'air intérieur est une cause importante de divers problèmes de santé pour les occupants tels que des maladies respiratoires, des symptômes allergiques... De nos jours, les gens passent 80 à 90 % de leur temps à l'intérieur, d'où l'importance de comprendre les principales causes de la pollution de l'air intérieur et de trouver des solutions appropriées pour améliorer la qualité de l'air intérieur (QAI). L'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) a signalé en 2009 que la pollution biologique était l'une des principales causes de la dégradation de la QAI. Sous certaines conditions (humidité élevée), les fungi peuvent se développer sur presque tous les matériaux de construction. Ils produisent alors des particules telles que des spores, des toxines ou des composés organiques volatils (COV) et d'autres métabolites pouvant être aérosolisés. La libération de particules par les surfaces dépend de différents facteurs, notamment du type et de l'âge des micro-organismes, des propriétés des matériaux et des conditions environnementales (température, humidité, vitesse de l'air). En fonction de leur taille et de leur disponibilité dans l'air intérieur, elles peuvent être inhalées par les occupants, ce qui entraîne de graves risques pour la santé car elles peuvent pénétrer plus ou moins profondément dans le système respiratoire. Pour répondre à cette problématique, ce travail visait à étudier les relations qui peuvent éventuellement exister entre les micro-organismes, en particulier les fungi, présents sur les surfaces et les particules en suspension dans l'air qui contaminent l'air intérieur (in situ et en laboratoire). L'objectif étant d'avoir une vision plus claire de la contamination fongique dans l'environnement intérieur, permettant ainsi une meilleure gestion des risques pour la santé des personnes exposées. En outre, une étude sur les performances de photocatalyseurs et d'esters de glycérol en tant que produits antimicrobiens pour les matériaux de construction ont été réalisées. Dans un premier temps, une campagne d'échantillonnage in situ a été réalisée dans une maison avec présence fongique visible dans le sud de la France. Des échantillons de surface et d'air intérieur ont été prélevés et analysé pour identification des organismes présents. L'objectif de cette partie était de vérifier la relation, s'il y en a une, entre la contamination fongique sur les surfaces et la contamination aérienne. Ensuite, des expériences sur les activités antimicrobiennes de produits photocatalytiques et d'esters de glycérol ont été réalisées dans différentes conditions expérimentales. L'objectif de cette partie était de tester leur efficacité en tant que produits antimicrobiens pouvant être utilisés comme additifs dans les peintures ou les revêtements. Les tests effectués dans cette partie étaient des tests préliminaires en solutions aqueuses et l'impact des différentes conditions sur l'efficacité de chaque produit a été évalué. L'efficacité de trois photocatalyseurs (TiO2, ZnO, AuZnO) en tant que produits antimicrobiens a été évaluée à des intensités lumineuses proches des conditions intérieures réelles. L'efficacité de l'Acide Undécylénique (AU) et de trois esters de glycérol en tant que produits antifongiques a également été évaluée. La dernière partie de cette étude visait à étudier la relation entre la prolifération sur matériaux et la concentration en spore dans l'air dans des conditions contrôlées (principalement le flux d'air et l'humidité relative). Un dispositif expérimental innovant a été développé. La conception et la validation d'un protocole expérimental permettant d'observer des corrélations quantitatives entre la prolifération sur matériaux et la contamination de l'air ont été effectuées. L'impact de différents paramètres sur l'aérosolisation des particules a été évalué. La validation de ce banc expérimental est encourageante et permettra de poursuivre différents essais dans un avenir proche.

31 July 2026 in Frontiers in Built Environment
Verified
Journal Article
Open access
PDF file
FAFarjallah Alassaad
Farjallah Alassaad
Mohamad Al HallakMohamad Al Hallak
Mohamad Al Hallak
MAMohamad Ali-Ahmad
Mohamad Ali-Ahmad
HFHassan Flity
Hassan Flity
HCHicham Alhajj Chehade
Hicham Alhajj Chehade
MOMohamad Oueidat
Mohamad Oueidat
This review synthesizes recent research on the durability of bio-based fibers in cementitious composites with secondary emphasis on fungal colonization risks. It considers the most widely studied natural fibers (e.g., bast, seed, and animal-derived fibers such as flax, hemp, jute, coir, and wool) and highlights how fiber chemistry and microstructure affect moisture uptake, bonding, and aging behavior. Key degradation mechanisms are identified: alkali-induced hydrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; mineralization of fiber cell walls by calcium hydroxide; swelling–shrinkage of fibers during moisture transport; weakening of the fiber–matrix interface (increased porosity, decalcification, adhesion loss); and damage from cyclic wetting–drying and freeze–thaw events. The roles of fiber pretreatments (e.g., alkali extraction, polymer coatings) and supplementary cementitious additives (e.g., metakaolin, silica fume) in mitigating these effects are also discussed. Fungal contamination is addressed by presenting environmental drivers (prolonged moisture, temperature, organic nutrients) and material factors (organic fiber content, porosity, pH) that favor mold growth, along with biodeterioration pathways (enzymatic hydrolysis, organic acid production, biofilm formation) and current testing gaps. Major knowledge gaps and future needs are identified: the lack of standardized accelerated aging and mold-challenge protocols for biofiber–cement systems, limited long-term field performance data, absence of predictive degradation models incorporating biological factors, and the need for systematic evaluation of treated fibers’ durability. The discussion clarifies how chemical, physical, and biological processes collectively affect biofiber–cement composites and outlines priorities for future research.