This review discusses the evaluation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtypes using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RCC is a malignancy with different histopathological subtypes, constituting approximately 90% of adult kidney tumors. It has been reported that these subtypes show significant differences in terms of clinical behavior, treatment response, and prognosis. In the study, CT and MRI findings of subtypes such as clear cell RCC (ccRCC), papillary RCC (pRCC), chromophobe RCC (chRCC), medullary RCC (mRCC), collecting duct RCC (cdRCC), and multiloculated cystic RCC (mcRCC) were compared. It was stated that CT is the first-choice imaging method in the staging and surgical planning of RCC and provides detailed information about the tumor size, vascularity, and metastatic spread. On the other hand, it has been emphasized that MRI allows better characterization of RCC subtypes with its soft-tissue resolution and contrast agent usage advantage. The study draws attention to the different imaging features of each subtype and details the role of these findings in the clinical decision-making process. It has been stated that ccRCC exhibits intense contrast enhancement and rapid washout pattern in the corticomedullary phase on CT and appears hyperintense on T2A and hypointense on T1 weighted imaging (T1A) on MRI. It has been stated that pRCC has hypovascular features, has lower contrast enhancement, and has homogeneous borders. It has been stated that chRCC has a less vascular structure and exhibits moderate contrast enhancement in the corticomedullary phase. It has been reported that mRCC has invasive features and is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage while cdRCC has a very aggressive clinical course. It has been stated that mcRCC contains distinct cystic areas between the septa, has a well-circumscribed structure, and generally has a low malignancy potential. As a result, it has been stated that detailed evaluation of CT and MRI findings of RCC subtypes plays a critical role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of these subtypes. It has been emphasized that the findings presented in this study will contribute to the development of more targeted treatment approaches in RCC management.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the readability levels of informed consent forms used in Turkey before urological surgery and to compare the readability levels of open, endoscopic, and laparoscopic surgical informed consent forms. A total of 529 informed consent forms used for urological open, endoscopic, and laparoscopic surgical procedures were collected from different hospitals in Turkey. Evaluating informed consent forms that have exactly the same text only once, a total of 69 consent forms were evaluated. The Gunning Fog Index and Flesch-Kincaid test measuring the general readability level were used to calculate the readability level of informed consent forms in addition to the Ateşman and Bezirci-Yılmaz formulas defined to determine the readability level of Turkish texts. Informed consent forms were evaluated and divided into three groups as open, endoscopic, and laparoscopic surgery forms, depending on their content. Among 69 informed consent forms evaluated, 35 were open, 19 were endoscopic, and 15 were laparoscopic surgery consent forms. The readability level of all informed consent forms was detected as average according to the Ateşman formula, very difficult according to the Flesch-Kincaid test, difficult according to the Gunning Fog Index, and at the high school education level according to the Bezirci-Yılmaz formula. A statistical evaluation of the three groups did not show a significant difference in the readability level. In this study, it was detected that the informed consent form readability levels used for urological surgical procedures in our country were rather low. We think that the cooperation of the concerned institutions is required for the revision of the consent information texts available and the improvement of the texts according to the strategies recommended.