This review discusses the evaluation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtypes using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RCC is a malignancy with different histopathological subtypes, constituting approximately 90% of adult kidney tumors. It has been reported that these subtypes show significant differences in terms of clinical behavior, treatment response, and prognosis. In the study, CT and MRI findings of subtypes such as clear cell RCC (ccRCC), papillary RCC (pRCC), chromophobe RCC (chRCC), medullary RCC (mRCC), collecting duct RCC (cdRCC), and multiloculated cystic RCC (mcRCC) were compared. It was stated that CT is the first-choice imaging method in the staging and surgical planning of RCC and provides detailed information about the tumor size, vascularity, and metastatic spread. On the other hand, it has been emphasized that MRI allows better characterization of RCC subtypes with its soft-tissue resolution and contrast agent usage advantage. The study draws attention to the different imaging features of each subtype and details the role of these findings in the clinical decision-making process. It has been stated that ccRCC exhibits intense contrast enhancement and rapid washout pattern in the corticomedullary phase on CT and appears hyperintense on T2A and hypointense on T1 weighted imaging (T1A) on MRI. It has been stated that pRCC has hypovascular features, has lower contrast enhancement, and has homogeneous borders. It has been stated that chRCC has a less vascular structure and exhibits moderate contrast enhancement in the corticomedullary phase. It has been reported that mRCC has invasive features and is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage while cdRCC has a very aggressive clinical course. It has been stated that mcRCC contains distinct cystic areas between the septa, has a well-circumscribed structure, and generally has a low malignancy potential. As a result, it has been stated that detailed evaluation of CT and MRI findings of RCC subtypes plays a critical role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of these subtypes. It has been emphasized that the findings presented in this study will contribute to the development of more targeted treatment approaches in RCC management.

Background/aim: Texture analysis (TA) provides additional tissue heterogeneity data that may assist in differentiating peripheral zone (PZ) lesions in multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). This study investigates the role of magnetic resonance imaging texture analysis (MRTA) in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) in the PZ. Materials and methods: This retrospective study included 80 consecutive patients who had an mpMRI and a prostate biopsy for sus- pected prostate cancer. Two radiologists in consensus interpreted mpMRI and performed texture analysis based on their histopathology. The first-, second-, and higher-order texture parameters were extracted from mpMRI and were compared between groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using the texture parameters to determine the independent predictors of csPCa. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to assess the diagnostic performance of the texture parameters. Results: In the periferal zone, 39 men had csPCa, while 41 had benign lesions or clinically insignificant prostate cancer (cisPCa). The majority of texture parameters showed statistically significant differences between the groups. Univariate ROC analysis showed that the ADC mean and ADC median were the best variables in differentiating csPCa (p < 0.001). The first-order logistic regression model (mean + entropy) based on the ADC maps had a higher AUC value (0.996; 95% CI: 0.989-1) than other texture-based logistic regres- sion models (p < 0.001). Conclusion: MRTA is useful in differentiating csPCa from other lesions in the PZ. Consequen multivariate regression model based on ADC maps had the highest diagnostic performance in differentiating csPCa.

Background: Proper sizing of endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes is essential for safe airway management. Ultrasonography offers a non-invasive method to assess airway anatomy, particularly the subglottic region. This study aimed to evaluate subglottic tracheal diameter and trachea-to-skin distance in healthy adults using ultrasound and to investigate their relationships with anthropometric variables. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 178 healthy adults (92 males, 86 females) aged 18 to 65 years, grouped by age (18–35, 36–50, 51–65 years). Subglottic tracheal diameter and trachea-to-skin distance were measured using a Canon Aplio™ 300 ultrasound system with participants in a supine position. Height, weight, and body mass index were recorded. Statistical analysis included Mann–Whitney U test, ANOVA, and Pearson or Spearman correlation as appropriate. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Males had significantly larger subglottic tracheal diameters than females (20.05 ± 3.01 mm vs. 16.93 ± 1.72 mm, p < 0.001). Trachea-to-skin distance showed no sex difference (p = 0.133) but increased significantly with age (p < 0.001), particularly between the youngest (8.12 ± 2.13 mm) and oldest (9.9 ± 2.5 mm) age groups. In younger adults, tracheal diameter correlated strongly with height (r = 0.65, p < 0.001), while trachea-to-skin distance correlated with both weight (r = 0.52–0.56) and body mass index (r = 0.50–0.64) across all age groups. Conclusions: Ultrasound provides a reliable and individualized assessment of airway anatomy. Subglottic tracheal diameter and trachea-to-skin distance vary with sex, age, and body composition, which may guide personalized airway management and tube size selection. Further clinical validation is warranted.

This study aims to evaluate rare cases of extrarenal stone migration after endoscopic stone surgery in light of the literature. Complications such as stone migration can rarely be seen after flexible ureterorenoscopy (RIRS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL), which are widely used in the treatment of urolithiasis. In this case report, extrarenal stone migration was detected in a 43-year-old man who had previously undergone PNL and RIRS, but since the patient was asymptomatic, conservative follow-up was applied instead of surgical intervention. In the patient's CT scans, it was seen that the stone was lateral to the psoas major muscle and did not cause significant inflammation or edema in the surrounding tissues. When the cases in the literature were examined, extrarenal stone migration is usually associated with symptoms such as pain, infection or loss of renal function and requires surgery, but in this case, surgery was not applied due to the asymptomatic course. This situation shows the importance of conservative approaches and that they can be an alternative to surgery. In conclusion, the increase in such cases reported in the literature may guide the management of extrarenal stone complications. This study emphasizes conservative treatment strategies, especially in patients with asymptomatic extrarenal stone migration.

Objective: To compare the diagnostic performance for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancers and interobserver agreement between PI-RADS v2 and v2.1 Material and Method: The mpMRI images of 258 patients and 394 nodüles included in this retrospective study were obtained on 3T MR and evaluated by two radiologists according to PI-RADS v2 and v2.1. Sensitivity and specificity between v2 and v2.1 compared. Detection rates for clinically significant prostate cancers of upgraded and downgraded lesions in the use of v2.1 from v2 were assessed. Interobserver agreement was assessed using κ statistics. Results: PI-RADS v2.1 and v2 showed higher sensitivity and lower specificity (100%, 52.38%) in peripheral zone and showed higher sensitivity and specificity (92.86%, 98.79%) in transition zone for category ≥4 lesions in the detection of csPCa, not significantly difference was found between the two versions. Interobserver agreement was statistically significant and very weak in the transition zone (κ=0.383, κ=0.279, respectively), very strong in the peripheral zone (κ=0.869) according to both classifications and they were similar. Conclusion: The diagnostic performance of PI-RADS v2 and v2.1 were found similar in detecting clinically significant cancers and all cancers in both zones. The clinically significant cancer detection rate in category 2+1 lesions in the transition zone was higher than in category 2 lesions but it wasn’t statistically significant. Interobserver agreement was low in the transition zone and very strong in the peripheral zone in both versions.