Benzodiazepines like nitrazepam are extensively used, both as prescribed medications and as illicit drug substitutes, and therefore detection is of prime importance. In this work, the electrochemical detection of nitrazepam using a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) modified electrode was investigated. The nitrogen-rich carbon material i.e., g-C₃N₄ was easily synthesized by the thermal condensation method using melamine as a precursor. The platinum electrode was modified by synthesized material and its electrochemical activity was tested using a three-electrode set-up. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed the effective detection of nitrazepam. The detection at different concentrations was analyzed using CV and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The detection limit of 0.02 μM was found with the linear dynamic range of nitrazepam. A repeatability experiment was conducted to check the stability of the proposed electrode. This study confirms the potential use of g-C₃N₄ as an effective and stable electrode material for the detector in the field of pharmaceuticals and health care.

In this work, undoped and indium-doped eumelanin powdered samples were prepared and experienced as photocatalysts for organic water pollutants. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the eumelanin samples are completely amorphous, while the indium eumelanin samples have indium crystalline peaks mixed in with the amorphous material. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated the particle size and perimeter decreasing while porosity increasing with indium doping. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy manifests O-H, N-H, and C=O functional groups existence in the samples. The optical investigation has shown that the energy gap values reduced from 2.41 eV for undoped eumelanin to 2.07 eV for indium-doped eumelanin. The photocatalytic performance was optimized through the impacts of UV & visible irradiations, pH values, indium doping, and ultrasonic wave assistance. The highly efficient catalyst of 97.3% ± 0.8% efficiency in 10 s has been attained by indium-doped eumelanin catalyst upon visible irradiation)100 mW cm⁻¹( and pH (∼7–8) assisted by ultrasonic waves (40 kHz) with reusability and long-term stability.

In this work we demonstrate one-pot glycidol synthesis, via trans-esterification between glycerol and dimethyl carbonate, by making use of commercially available sodium methoxide as a catalyst. An excellent glycerol conversion (99%) and remarkable glycidol yield (75%) was obtained using dimethyl carbonate/glycerol (molar ratio 2:1) in the presence of 3 wt% catalyst amount (with respect to glycerol weight) at 85 °C for a reaction time of 120 min. Sodium methoxide was recycled and reused twice with only a slight decrease in glycerol conversion. The water content of the glycerol reached 2.5 wt%; this did not reduce the glycerol conversion efficiency of the catalyst. A plausible mechanism for the trans-esterification involved in the preparation of glycidol was proposed.

Fabrication of magnetic materials via a facile and environmentally favorable process with high self-heating performance is quite favored for biomedical applications. To tackle this challenge, magnetic ferrite nanoparticles were developed through an ultrasonic-assisted coprecipitation process. Magnetite (Fe₃O₄), magnetite doped with cobalt nanoparticles (Co_0.4Fe_2.6O₄), and magnetite doped with cobalt/zinc nanoparticles (Zn_0.15Co_0.25Fe_2.6O₄) were synthesized using ultrasonic-assisted coprecipitation techniques. Specific loss power (SLP) was estimated to optimize the heating influence under varied magnetic fields, coating agents, and dispersing solvents. Magnetite doped with cobalt/zinc nanoparticles demonstrated elevated SLP 110 W/g with preferable hyperthermic performance, where AMF conditions did not surpass the safety border for human exposure. The self-heating performance of magnetite doped with cobalt/zinc nanoparticles increased with increasing strength at a constant frequency. The self-heating performance of magnetite nanoparticles increased with increasing frequency at constant strength. Hence, the prepared magnetite doped with cobalt/zinc nanoparticles by the ultrasonic-assisted coprecipitation process can be appropriate for biomedical applications.