The triorganotin compound trimethyltin (TMT) is a highly toxic molecule which has a great impact on human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the specific alteration of dopamine receptors and transporters in the hippocampus of TMT-treated rats. The TMT-treated group showed impaired spatial reference memory in a Morris water maze task compared to the control group, whereas memory consolidation tested 24 hours after the last training session was preserved. In the open field, TMT-treated rats showed a decrease in time spent in rearing episodes reflecting a lower interest to explore a novel environment. In the hippocampal area of the TMT-treated group, we observed a reduction in neuronal viability accompanied by a significant decrease in the expression of the dopamine receptors (D1 and D2), and dopamine transporters (DAT, VMAT1 and VMAT2). A less pronounced reduction was observed for D3 and D5 while D4 did not change. These data were confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. The present study on TMT-induced neurodegeneration highlights the link between hippocampal asset of dopamine receptors and transporters and the impaired performance of rats in a spatial reference memory task.

Background: Cocaine is a recreational drug known for its negative impact on health and social and economic life. One of the complications for cocaine abusers is cocaine-induced midline destructive lesion (CIMDL) syndrome, which includes the extensive destruction of the osteocartilaginous structures of the nose, the sinus, and the palate. Methods: Here, we describe three cases of the surgical management of CIMDL using a temporalis muscle flap combined with a Le Fort I osteotomy, which allows sufficient space for the muscle to settle. Results: The addition of the osteotomy allowed better handling of the pedicled flap, with no signs of relapse in the reported cases and high patient satisfaction. Conclusions: CIMDL syndrome is an impairing disease that negatively affects the functionality of the nasal and oral cavities, as well as the aesthetic. Surgical repair using a pedicled flap is a valid option in rehabilitated and sober patients with endothelial damage.

Background: The definition of patients with special needs (SNs) is used in the literature to refer to individuals with mental and physical disorders for whom the usual perioperative pathways are not applicable due to lack of cooperation, regardless of age. Studies in the literature recognize the appropriateness of general anesthesia for performing day surgery dental care in this type of patient. Objectives: The main objective was to assess the possible incidence of difficult airway management, understood as difficulty ventilating and/or intubating the patient. A secondary objective was to highlight the influence of general anesthesia on patient outcomes by testing the incidence of perioperative complications. Methods: The present retrospective, single-center, observational study involved 41 uncooperative patients aged between 3 and 17 undergoing dental surgery under general anesthesia. Data relating to airway management and general anesthesia present in the medical records were analyzed. Results: Tracheal intubation was successfully completed in all of the patients considered, and in no case did the patient have to be woken up because of difficulty in airway management. No perioperative complications attributable to anesthesia were found in any patients. Conclusions: From the present experience, it can be concluded that general anesthesia is a suitable option for performing dental care in pediatric subjects with special needs, and that although the peculiar perioperative management of these patients might increase the risk of possible anesthesia-related side effects, no complications have been encountered in any case.

The World Health Organization’s (WHO) 2022 update on the classification of odontogenic and maxillofacial bone tumors has revolutionized diagnostic and treatment paradigms by integrating novel molecular insights. Fibro-osseous lesions of the maxillo-facial bones constitute a heterogeneous group encompassing fibrous dysplasia, Psammomatoid Ossifying Fibroma (PSOF), Juvenile Trabecular Ossifying Fibroma (JTOF), and other variants. Despite histological similarities, their distinct clinical manifestations and prognostic implications mandate precise differentiation. The intricacies of diagnosing fibro-osseous lesions pose challenges for pathologists, maxillofacial surgeons, dentists and oral surgeons, underscoring the importance of a systematic approach to ensure optimal patient management. Herein, we present two cases, fibrous dysplasia and Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma, detailing their clinical encounters and management strategies. Both patients provided informed consent for publishing their data and images, adhering to ethical guidelines.

The definition of patients with Special Needs (SN) is used in the literature to refer to individuals with mental and physical disorders for whom the usual perioperative pathways are not applicable due to lack of cooperation, regardless of age. Studies in the literature recognize the appropriateness of general anesthesia for performing day surgery dental care in this type of patient. The present retrospective, single-center, observational study involved 41 uncooperative patients aged between 3 and 17 undergoing dental surgery under general anesthesia. The main objective was to assess the possible incidence of difficult airway management, understood as difficulty ventilating and/or intubating the patient. A secondary objective was to highlight the influence of general anesthesia on patient outcomes by testing the incidence of perioperative complications. Tracheal intubation was successfully completed in all of the patients considered, and in no case did the patient have to be woken up because of difficulty in airway management. No perioperative complications attributable to anesthesia were found in any patients. From the present experience, it can be concluded that general anesthesia is a suitable option for performing dental care in pediatric subjects with special needs, and that although the peculiar peri-operative management of these patients might increase the risk of possible anesthesia-related side effects, no complications have been encountered in any case.

Background: Severe jaw atrophy limits traditional endosseous implantation, often necessitating complex regenerative procedures. Advances in digital planning and 3D printing have reintroduced custom-made subperiosteal (juxta-osseous) implants as a viable alternative. This study evaluates the clinical reliability and advantages of next-generation juxta-osseous implants. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines across the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The search focused on English-language studies reporting on custom-made titanium juxta-osseous implants in patients with severe maxillary or mandibular atrophy. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist. Additionally, a representative clinical case of a 60-year-old female treated via a fully digital workflow is presented to illustrate the protocol. Results: Twenty-six articles were included, accounting for 147 clinical cases. Most patients exhibited Cawood and Howell Class V–VI atrophy. All identified treatments utilized integrated digital workflows, including CBCT imaging, CAD/CAM design, and additive manufacturing (SLM/DMLS) of medical-grade titanium alloy. Reported success rates exceeded 90%, with high primary stability enabling immediate or early loading protocols and high patient satisfaction. Complications were primarily limited to manageable soft-tissue dehiscence. Conclusions: Modern juxta-osseous implants represent a promising, minimally invasive alternative to bone grafting for severe atrophy, enabling rapid functional restoration in the short-to-medium-term. However, because current evidence is limited to clinical studies, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Long-term prospective trials are essential to establish definitive clinical predictability and standardized protocols.