This paper aims to identify the economic factors that significantly affect the demand for and supply of housing in three major cities in Turkey, such as Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir. This study uses monthly data ranges from January 2010 to December 2020 because of the limited housing price data from each city. For smooth measurement, the logarithm of all data except measurements of nominal interest rate, real interest rate and inflation is used. This research uses the Co-integration Analysis and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to investigate the macroeconomic variables’ effects on the demand and supply. Mortgage credit volume, as a dependent variable, is influenced by real per capita GDP, real house prices, projected inflation, and nominal interest rates. On the contrary, the building site is used as a dependent variable on the supply side that is determined by the real housing price, the real interest rate, and the real cost of construction. In the VECM model, the mortgage credit volume and constriction cost were dominated by error correction variables, showing the adjustment of disequilibrium towards an equilibrium point. In the case of Ankara, supply-side variables have a long-term relationship. Both housing demand and supply-related factors have a long-term impact on the housing market in Istanbul and Izmir. Given a significant p-value, the coefficient of C1 derived from system equations is negative.

This study delves into the complex interplay between gross domestic product (GDP) and key macroeconomic indicators in the contexts of Turkey and Bangladesh. By examining panel data spanning from 1981 to 2020 sourced from the World Bank, we investigate the causal relationships between GDP growth and various factors including population growth, inflation, literacy rate, natural resource utilization, investment, and foreign direct investment (FDI). Our research aims to address critical questions regarding the economic trajectories of these two emerging economies. Specifically, we seek to understand how different macroeconomic variables influence GDP growth in Bangladesh and Turkey, while also exploring the unique socio-economic landscapes of these nations. Methodologically, we employ the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test to analyze the causal relationships between GDP growth and the aforementioned macroeconomic indicators. Our findings reveal direct, statistically significant associations between GDP growth and these variables, with population growth emerging as a particularly influential factor. The implications of our study extend beyond empirical observations, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to foster sustainable economic development in both Bangladesh and Turkey. By identifying the key drivers of GDP growth and their impact on economic performance, our research contributes to the existing body of literature on economic development in emerging economies. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the intricate dynamics of GDP growth in Turkey and Bangladesh, highlighting the importance of understanding and leveraging macroeconomic indicators to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth in these nations.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of military expenditure on unemployment in Bangladesh, examining the cointegration among unemployment, military expenditure, and foreign direct investment. It also sheds light on the short and longrun dynamics of the variables under consideration. The study employs the ARDL bounds testing approach to investigate the cointegration among the variables using time series annual data from the period of 1990-2018. The dependant variable is unemployment and military expenditure and FDI are the independent variables. Thisresearch found a long run relationship among the variables. An increase in military expenditure significantly reduces unemployment in the short run, however, no significant long-run relationship is found. The higher FDI, the higher unemployment in the long run. This study contributes to fill the research gap regarding theimpact of military expenditure and FDI on unemployment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the relationship among unemployment, military expenditure and FDI in Bangladesh using ARDL bounds testing approach with time series annual data.

Financial statements are a set of reports that detail an organization’s cash flows, financial position, and financial results. Financial statement analysis provides a piece of information on the financial status and the present situation of the company as well as able to forecast their future plan. This study makes an effort to evaluate Rural Power Company Ltd.’s financial performance from 2018 to 2020. The present study is mainly based on secondary data collected from the sample unit and results are interpreted in tabular form and bar chart using MS Excel. The results show how effectively the company is managed in terms of production, administration, and sales. It means the economic condition of firm is good. On the other hand, the Current Ratio, Liquid ratio, Debt Equity Ratio, Gross Profit Ratio, Net Profit Ratio, and EPS Ratio are acceptable. But the Return on Equity (ROE) Ratio is not satisfactory, which needs further improvement. An economist can assess the degree of economic power concentration and potential dangers in the financial policies adopted by examining the financial accounts of various firms. The analysis also serves as the foundation for a number of governmental acts concerning licensing, restrictions, price fixing, profit caps, dividend freezes, tax subsidies, and other concessions to the business sector.

Purpose. The purpose of this research is to examine the major factors that influence sustainable economic growth and offer evidence-based policy guidance for emerging economies. Methodology. A timeseries analysis using data from the World Bank and IMF is conducted using Augmented DickeyFuller tests to ensure stationarity, Johansen cointegration to detect long-run relationships, and quantile regression to handle non-normality and multicollinearity. Findings. Quantile regressions indicate that capital accumulation in Bangladesh has an elasticity of approximately 1.65–1.72 (p < 0.01), the labor force is negatively associated with GDP (coefficients 1.69 to 2.82, p < 0.01), exports exhibit an elasticity of »0.81 (p < 0.01), and naturalresource rents depress GDP by »0.25 to 0.29 (p < 0.01). For Turkey, exports (»0.38–0.39, p < 0.01) and FDI inflows (»0.13, p < 0.05) are positively and significantly associated with GDP, and capital accumulation is positive and significant in several specifications (up to »1.01, p< 0.01). Originality. The study uses quantile regression to jointly evaluate multiple macroeconomic variables and contrasts two emerging economies with distinct economic structures - Bangladesh’s labor-intensive, export-driven model versus Turkey’s diversified industrial base, and highlights unique patterns such as labor inefficiency and resource dependency. Practical values. Policy-makers are advised to prioritize capital investment, enhance labor-market efficiency, diversify exports, and try to attract sustainable foreign investment. Reducing dependence on natural-resource rents and labor-intensive sectors can help emerging economies like Bangladesh and Turkey achieve more resilient, broad-based growth.

Haiti is a country with a history of political instability and faces considerable challenges in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). This study investigates the impact of political turmoil on FDI in Haiti from 1994 to 2020. The study relies on secondary data obtained from sources such as International Financial Statistics (IFS), World Development Indicators(WDI), and the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG). The study utilizes the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) statistical technique. The findings indicate that, over the long run, political instability and inflation have an adverse influence on FDI in Haiti. Conversely, exchange rate, interest rate, and trade openness positively affect FDI. However, these variables do not directly drive FDI in the short term but are influenced by external factors. This paper emphasizes the critical role of establishing a stable political environment, effectively managing inflation, and maintaining competitive exchange rates and interest rates to enhance FDI attraction. Additionally, promoting trade openness is deemed crucial.