This paper aims to identify the economic factors that significantly affect the demand for and supply of housing in three major cities in Turkey, such as Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir. This study uses monthly data ranges from January 2010 to December 2020 because of the limited housing price data from each city. For smooth measurement, the logarithm of all data except measurements of nominal interest rate, real interest rate and inflation is used. This research uses the Co-integration Analysis and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to investigate the macroeconomic variables’ effects on the demand and supply. Mortgage credit volume, as a dependent variable, is influenced by real per capita GDP, real house prices, projected inflation, and nominal interest rates. On the contrary, the building site is used as a dependent variable on the supply side that is determined by the real housing price, the real interest rate, and the real cost of construction. In the VECM model, the mortgage credit volume and constriction cost were dominated by error correction variables, showing the adjustment of disequilibrium towards an equilibrium point. In the case of Ankara, supply-side variables have a long-term relationship. Both housing demand and supply-related factors have a long-term impact on the housing market in Istanbul and Izmir. Given a significant p-value, the coefficient of C1 derived from system equations is negative.

Natural capital stock (NCS) is the center of our living and economic development, yet it poses significant environmental threats. Preventing environmental degradation is undoubtedly vital for sustainable development. The circular economy (CE) can resolve the dilemma at this critical juncture. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the dynamics between NCS, CE, and environmental sustainability (ENS) to identify effective pathways for achieving sustainable development. It establishes three fundamental pillars: (1) efficient use of NCS, (2) sustainable production and consumption through CE, and (3) securing ENS to achieve UN's Sustainable Development Goals−8, 12, and 13 (SDGs 8, 12, and 13). The research underscores a trinity solution, emphasizing the interplay between NCS, CE, and ENS for sustainable development. In the investigation, the study applies the method of moments quantile regression (MMQR), including the mean group estimation (MG), augmented mean group estimation (AMG), fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), and canonical cointegration regression (CCR). The findings demonstrate that while direct extraction of NCS harms ENS, integrating NCS into CE practices significantly mitigates these adverse effects and promotes ENS. Our research provides valuable insights for policymakers and recommends the “active” economic policy to achieve sustainable development through enhancing ENS.

Green growth (GG), providing a safeguard from environmental degradation, is the best possible alternative for sustainable development. Financial development (FD) and technological innovation (TI) accelerate the process of GG. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the role of FD and TI in GG for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) countries from 1990 to 2021. The study applies the advanced panel technique- the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) approach, which provides robust results against endogeneity, cross-sectional dependence, and heteroskedasticity. Empirical results identify that FD and TI have substantial contributions to enhance green growth in the short and long run. For sustainable development, FD and TI are considered important factors. The study implies that BRICS countries should take initiatives to improve financial development and enhance innovation. These results offer valuable policy recommendations for sustainable development.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of military expenditure on unemployment in Bangladesh, examining the cointegration among unemployment, military expenditure, and foreign direct investment. It also sheds light on the short and longrun dynamics of the variables under consideration. The study employs the ARDL bounds testing approach to investigate the cointegration among the variables using time series annual data from the period of 1990-2018. The dependant variable is unemployment and military expenditure and FDI are the independent variables. Thisresearch found a long run relationship among the variables. An increase in military expenditure significantly reduces unemployment in the short run, however, no significant long-run relationship is found. The higher FDI, the higher unemployment in the long run. This study contributes to fill the research gap regarding theimpact of military expenditure and FDI on unemployment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the relationship among unemployment, military expenditure and FDI in Bangladesh using ARDL bounds testing approach with time series annual data.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) prioritizes infrastructure investment to enhance regional connectivity and foster sustainable economic development. Therefore, this empirical study aims to examine the impact of the BRI, specifically through Chinese foreign direct investment (CFDI) on sustainable growth in Bangladesh. The study employs the Mann–Kendall trend analysis and the generalized method of moments (GMM). For the Mann–Kendall trend analysis, sectoral FDI and output data from four major industrial sectors, obtained from Bangladesh Bank and CEIC for the period 1996–2020, are used to analyze trends in industrial development. Additionally, to assess the BRI’s role in sustainable development, this study compares green gross domestic product (GGDP) and gross domestic product (GDP) using a GMM analysis of CFDI inflows across 16 industrial sectors from 2013 to 2022, sourced from various databases. Findings reveal that CFDI significantly contributes to domestic industrial growth, particularly in the manufacturing and construction sectors. Although Bangladesh joined the BRI in 2016, a notable surge in CFDI appears from 2011–2012, partially driven by Bangladesh’s economic liberalization policies, and reflects early strategic investment consistent with China’s expanding economic diplomacy, which was later formalized under the BRI framework. The two-step system GMM results demonstrate that CFDI has a stronger impact on GGDP (0.0350) than on GDP (0.0146), with GGDP showing faster convergence (0.6027 vs. 0.1800), highlighting more robust and rapid sustainable growth outcomes. This underscores the significant Chinese investment in green sectors in Bangladesh. The study also demonstrates that the BRI supports the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 (green energy) and 9 (sustainable infrastructure). These insights offer valuable direction for future research and policy, suggesting that Bangladesh should prioritize attracting green-oriented CFDI in sectors like energy, manufacturing, and construction, while also strengthen.