The solid solution between the normal ferroelectric $\mathrm{Pb}\left({\mathrm{Zr}}_{1∕2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{1∕2}\right){\mathrm{O}}_3$ (PZT) and relaxor ferroelectric $\mathrm{Pb}\left({\mathrm{Ni}}_{1∕3}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2∕3}\right){\mathrm{O}}_3$ (PNN) was synthesized by the columbite method. The phase structure and dielectric properties of $x\mathrm{PZT}\text{-}(1-x)\mathrm{PNN}$ where $x=0.4–0.9$ and the $\mathrm{Zr}∕\mathrm{Ti}$ composition was fixed close to the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) were investigated. With these data, the ferroelectric phase diagram between PZT and PNN has been established. The relaxor ferroelectric nature of PNN gradually transformed towards a normal ferroelectric state towards the composition 0.7PZT-0.3PNN, in which the permittivity was characterized by a sharp peak and the disappearance of dispersive behavior. X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated the coexistence of both the rhombohedral and tetragonal phases at the composition 0.8PZT-0.2PNN, a new morphotropic phase boundary within this system. Examination of the dielectric spectra indicates that PZT-PNN exhibits an extremely high relative permittivity near the MPB composition. The permittivity shows a shoulder at the rhombohedral to tetragonal phase transition temperature $T_{\mathrm{RT}}=195°\mathrm{C}$ , and then a maximum permittivity (36 000 at $10\mathrm{kHz}$ ) at the transition temperature $T_{\max }=277°\mathrm{C}$ at the MPB composition. The maximum transition temperature of this system was $326°\mathrm{C}$ at the composition $x=0.9$ with the relative permittivity of 32 000 at $10\mathrm{kHz}$ .

Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized by a sonochemical process using copper nitrate and sodium hydroxide in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a starting precursor. The precipitated product was calcined at various temperature ranging from 400-700°C.The physical microstructure and morphology of as-calcined nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). From XRD observation, it is evident that the high purity CuO nanoparticles were obtained by this synthesis process. It was additionally revealed that its crystallization and particle size was strongly dependent on the reaction time and calcination temperature

This review article’s primary aim is to discuss different thin-film deposition technique methods and their important uses. The histories of thin-film technology, thin-film growth, thin-film classification, and thin-film preparation techniques are also covered in this review article. The preparation and characterization of functional thin films and nanostructured materials, as well as various devices based on these materials and recent developments are also focused on in this review. The properties of the materials and several thin-film deposition techniques are also covered in this article. This review article also discusses the classification and application of thin-film sensors. Furthermore, the formation of thin films and their physical properties are impacted by deposition conditions such as pH, temperature, deposition time, and deposition parameters, which are analyzed. This article discusses how a wide range of potential uses in structural, mechanical, and protective coatings; sensing; energy storage systems; catalysis; optoelectronics; and biomedicine are made possible by the special qualities of thin films and nanostructured materials, including their high surface area to volume ratio, structure, surface charge, anisotropic nature, and tunable functionalities.