This study aims to identify the relationship between changes in temperature regarding urbanization processes and seasonality in the city of São Paulo, located in the Tropic of Capricorn. The land surface temperature (LST) results were compared to official weather stations measurements, identifying in the spring–summer period 65.5% to 86.2% accuracy, while in the autumn–winter period, the results ranged from 58.6% to 93.1% accuracy, when considering the standard deviation and the temperature probe error. The mean MAE and mean RMSE range from 1.2 to 1.9 °C, with 83.0% of the values being ≤2.7 °C, and the coefficient of determination values are R = 0.81 in spring–summer and R = 0.82 in autumn–winter. Great thermal amplitude was estimated in the spring–summer season, with a difference in LST of the built-up space and rural area ranging from 5.8 and 11.5 °C, while in the autumn–winter season, the LST is more distributed through the city, with differences ranging from 4.4 to 8.5 °C. In addition, the current study suggests remote sensing as a reliable, cheap, and practical methodology to assist climate in order to support public policies and decision-making actions regarding environmental and urban planning.

The objectives of this study are to use a clustering technique to identify homogeneous rainfall regions in the watersheds of the eastern region of the state of Paraná and to associate the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall with the influences of orography, the ocean and regional atmospheric dynamics. Rainfall data were obtained from 54 pluviometric stations and from eight meteorological stations, which comprise the historical series from 1976 to 2015. A cluster analysis technique was used with the Euclidean distance for measuring proximity and Ward’s method for hierarchical grouping. The Litorânea watershed exhibited the highest rainfall totals in the study area, and the annual average was 2551 mm for the homogeneous group with the highest rainfall. The Ribeira river watershed exhibited the lowest total rainfall (1488 mm); therefore, it was considered a rain shadow region with a more tropical climate due to the concentration of rainfall in the period from September to March. The Alto Iguaçu watershed was characterized by the smallest spatiotemporal variation in rainfall due to its flatter relief and the influence of the subtropical climate.

As transformações no clima urbano das cidades, a excessiva poluição atmosférica e o aumento das desigualdades sociais tornaram-se fatores determinantes do alto risco de internações por doenças respiratórias. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender como os atributos meteorológicos (temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar e precipitação) e a poluição do ar (material particulado com diâmetro aerodinâmico menor de 10μm - MP10) estão relacionados com as internações hospitalares por doenças respiratórias em crianças, em 14 distritos da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. A combinação dos modelos lineares generalizados com uma distribuição binomial negativa e o modelo não linear distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) foram utilizados como método estatístico para analisar a relação entre as internações, os atributos climáticos e a poluição no período de 2003 a 2013. Os resultados mostraram relações estatísticas significativas de alto risco relativo entre a temperatura média do ar (17,5ºC a 21ºC, para o total analisado), umidade relativa do ar (84% a 98% para o sexo feminino), precipitação (0mm a 2,3mm para o total e ambos os sexos e > 120mm para o sexo feminino) e MP10 (> 35µg/m³ para o total e para o sexo feminino). Com base nesses resultados, foi possível identificar que os atributos ambientais contribuem para o elevado risco de internações.

Climate oscillations are becoming more extreme, and mangroves may be more susceptible to changes in physical conditions that can lead to mass diebacks. The current study analysed the impacts of an extreme weather event in the Cananéia-Iguape Coastal System, southeast Brazilian mangroves and the condition of the area over three years. We used a multiproxy approach, including analyses of climatic attributes, structural vegetation, and vegetation indices. Damage caused by a strong storm and hail damage had a severe impact on mangrove areas. A meteorological station installed in the mangrove since 2008 recorded a maximum wind gust of 58 km·h⁻¹ on 30 May 2019. On the Beaufort scale, this speed is classified as strong wind. After the extreme weather event, there were catastrophic impacts on the mangrove, with more than 90% dead trunks. Vegetation indices were reduced, indicating intense changes. The NDVI of the mangroves was reduced from 0.72 to 0.35. The LAI confirmed this premise, with a reduction from 4.25 to 0.63. After three years, natural recovery had not occurred. Extreme weather events have continued to occur along coasts, drastically altering the landscape. Mangroves have been affected by these events, and depending on the state of health of the forests, may have difficulties in recovery.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou avaliar a variabilidade da seca com base no índice Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) em localidades da região Norte do estado do Paraná e a sua relação com o El Niño-Oscilação Sul (ENOS). Utilizaram-se as séries pluviométricas de cinco estações meteorológicas com 40 anos, obtidas junto ao Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, ao Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e ao Sistema Meteorológico do Paraná. Destacou-se que os eventos de El Niño e La Niña influenciaram na variabilidade anual das chuvas, entretanto, mostraram associações menos significativas com extremos secos do índice SPI. Com a redução significativa dos totais de chuvas, o período de junho a agosto registrou a maior frequência das categorias de SPI moderadamente seco (18,3%), muito seco (13,0%) e extremamente seco (7,0%). As maiores frequências mensais de seca foram com intensidades, moderada, muito e extremamente seca, foram registrada na estação de Apucarana (83 eventos), seguida pelas estações de Maringá e Paranavaí (68 eventos), e Bela Vista do Paraíso (63 eventos) e Londrina (66 eventos), com as menores ocorrências de eventos de seca. Embora a literatura consultada indique a associação do aumento ou redução dos totais pluviométricos durante a ocorrência dos eventos El Niño e La Niña, as correlções de Kendall, Spearman e Pearson, e os parâmetros estatísticos (índice de concordância, erro padrão da estimativa e Teste t) empregados indicaram predominantemente baixas correlações entre os resultados obtidos de SPI - 1 mês e o ENOS em todas as regiões estudada.