The current study introduces a two-terminal (2T) thin-film tandem solar cell (TSC) comprised of a polymer-based top sub cell and a thin crystalline silicon (c-Si) bottom sub cell. The photoactive layer of the top sub cell is a blend of PDTBTBz-2F as a polymer donor and PC₇₁BM as a fullerene acceptor. Initially, a calibration of the two sub cells is carried out against experimental studies, providing a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.88% for the top sub cell and 14.26% for the bottom sub cell. Upon incorporating both sub cells in a polymer/Si TSC, the resulting cell shows a PCE of 20.45% and a short circuit current density (J_sc) of 13.40 mA/cm². Then, we optimize the tandem performance by controlling the valence band offset (VBO) of the polymer top cell. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of varying the top absorber defect density and the thicknesses of both absorber layers in an attempt to obtain the maximum obtainable PCE. After optimizing the tandem cell and at the designed current matching condition, the J_sc and PCE of the tandem cell are improved to 16.43 mA/cm² and 28.41%, respectively. Based on this TCAD simulation study, a tandem configuration established from an all thin-film model may be feasible for wearable electronics applications. All simulations utilize the Silvaco Atlas package where the cells are subjected to standard one Sun (AM1.5G, 1000 W/m²) spectrum illumination.

With the fast progress of solar cells efficiency in the last few years, hybrid organic/inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) became a center point of research for a lot of solar cell researchers. The perovskite materials show different merits like longer carrier diffusion lengths, wider-tunable bandgap in addition to higher potential of light absorption. The higher efficiency together with the cheaper fabrication methods makes perovskite solar cells comparable with Si-based solar cells. The PSCs efficiency has a remarkable increase from 3.8% to more than 25.2 %. There is a great need for an overall understanding of the function of each of the solar cell components and its impact on cell efficiency and performance. This review starts with the discussion of perovskite structure (electronic and crystal) based on recent research. The working principles and the fabrication methods of PSCs are also introduced. PSCs evaluation is also analyzed and presented with more details regarding modelling approaches and simulation tools.

Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor “MOSFET” devices are crucial to all of the modern electronictechnology and expected to be for some years to come. The aim of this paper is to experimentally validate the vitalcharacteristics of an N- channel enhancement mode power MOSFET. Static and dynamic characteristics are investigatedand graphed alongside extracting the main device static parameters that well-describe the device behavior. Theseparameters are the threshold voltage, the on-state and output resistances, the early voltage, the channel length modulationparameter and the conduction parameter. The input, output and reverse transfer capacitances are measured as functions ofthe drain-source voltage. Finally, the switching characteristics are examined with calculating graphically all the controllingon/off-states switching times needed.

Selenium‐tellurium (Se _{1‐ x} Te _x ) alloys offer promising potential for thin‐film photovoltaics owing to their tunable bandgap, low cost, and environmental sustainability. By tuning the Se:Te ratio, the bandgap of Se _{1‐ x} Te _x alloys can be adjusted to an optimal value (≈1.35 eV) which is crucial for approaching the maximum efficiency of a single‐junction solar cell. Which enhances solar absorption and increases power conversion efficiency (PCE). In this simulation‐based work, we provide a comprehensive study to design Se _{1‐ x} Te _x ‐based TFSCs using SCAPS‐1D simulations. The optimization process involves key factors such as absorber layer thickness, defect densities, electron and hole transportation layers (ETLs and HTLs), and back contact work functions. The results indicate that Se _0.75 Te _0.25 solar cells achieve a significant improvement in PCE with optimized device architecture. Specifically, cells incorporating MoO _x as an HTL demonstrate a PCE of 21.94%. Interestingly, the HTL‐free cells, optimized for back contact work function, accomplished a comparable PCE of 21.59%, highlighting the feasibility of eliminating the HTL layer without compromising efficiency. To validate our approach, a global optimization of the HTL‐free structure was performed using a single‐objective genetic algorithm. The findings suggest that optimizing back contact material, defect density, and absorber thickness can lead to high‐efficiency Se _0.75 Te _0.25 ‐based TFSCs for terrestrial applications.