A new ligand, benzylidene–phenol–thiazole (HBHTP), and its M(ii) complexes (M = Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn) were synthesized using a hybrid pharmacophore approach.

Background: In advanced cirrhotic conditions, hepatorenal syndrome detrimentally affects renal function. Interest has grown in propolis for its cytoprotective properties against various exogenous agents. This study evaluates the efficacy of Saudi propolis extracts in mitigating hepatorenal toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice. Methods: Thirty-two male Swiss Albino mice were divided into four groups: a Control (-) group receiving distilled water; a Control (+) group subjected to intraperitoneal CCl4 at 0.5 mL/kg (20% v/v in corn oil) on day 6; a Standard group treated daily with silymarin at 200 mg/kg and a group given an oral dose of aqueous propolis extract (APE) at 8.4 mg/kg. Result: Histological and biochemical analyses confirm propolis extract’s role in preventing hepatocyte apoptosis and reducing inflammatory infiltrates in kidney tissues, improving the histological appearance of hepatic and renal tissues with fewer fibrotic changes. The application of immunohistochemistry, along with reductions in anti-apoptotic proteins such as BCL-2 and p53, supports these findings, highlighting the antioxidant potential of Saudi propolis extracts in addressing hepatorenal toxicity.

Low testosterone levels are caused by alcoholism, cigarette smoking, and exposure to toxic chemicals. This work focused on investigating the activities of propolis (PE) and bee pollen (BPE) extracts in reducing the oxidative stress of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in male mice models. The 48 male Swiss Albino mice weighed 27.5 ± 2.5 g and were divided into: Group1: Control (-) received distilled water only through oral intubation; Group 2: Control (- -) received corn oil by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection once a day; Group 3: Control (+) received a sublethal dose of CCL4 intraperitoneally the end of the experiment. Group 4: Stander treated with silymarin at a daily dose of 200 mg/kg orally. Group 5: The mice were given 8.4 mg/ kg bw of (PE) orally. Group 6: The mice were given (BPE) extract (140 mg/kg bw) orally. After five consecutive days of treatment, all mice had testis injury in all groups except G1& G2, by a single i.p injection of CCL4 at a dose of 0.5 mL/kg (bw; 20% v/v in corn oil). The result showed a significant increase in luteinizing, follicle-stimulating, and testosterone hormone levels in the serum and semen parameters in the groups treated with PE and BPE. The histological results showed the greatest improvements in testis structures in the BPE group, which was confirmed using (Bcl-2; immunohistochemistry). These results suggest an important role of the antioxidative effects of PE and BPE in the attenuation of CCl4 oxidative stress.

Chronic depression is associated with oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter imbalance, and Alzheimer’s-like changes. Current monoamine oxidase inhibitors have limited cognitive benefits and disease-modifying properties. A new nanotherapeutic, combining chitosan nanoparticles, propargylamino-1-(4-methylthiophenyl) propane (PAMTP), and L-tyrosine (En@PAMTP_Tyr), was developed. En@PAMTP_Tyr nanoparticles were ~140 nm in diameter, with a zeta potential of +27 mV and entrapment efficiencies of 73.45% for PAMTP and 90.85% for L-tyrosine. Drug release was pH-sensitive, favoring acidity. Intraperitoneal administration of En@PAMTP_Tyr reduced anhedonia, despair, cognitive deficits, and neuromuscular weakness, with efficacy matching or exceeding that of selegiline. In treated rats’ hippocampal tissue, En@PAMTP_Tyr increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione, normalized MAO and acetylcholinesterase activities, and corrected CUSD-induced TNF-α and IL-10 changes, showing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Histological analyses revealed that En@PAMTP_Tyr preserved CA1 pyramidal neurons, reduced β-amyloid levels, restored tau protein, and improved brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, indicating reduced neurodegeneration. Molecular docking studies showed that PAMTP had high affinity for monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase, supporting its role as an MAO-B inhibitor and cholinergic modulator. These findings suggest that En@PAMTP_Tyr is a promising nanoplatform for targeting MAO-B in depression, addressing mood, cognitive function, oxidative stress, inflammation, and Alzheimer-like pathology in the hippocampus.