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Prof. Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul
Architectural Engineering Department, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, UAE

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0 Resilience
0 Retrofitting
0 Green architecture
0 Human factors in the built environment
0 High performance architecture

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Review
Published: 10 June 2021 in Buildings
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Smart buildings deploying 5G and the Internet of Things (IoT) are viewed as the next sustainable solution that can be seamlessly integrated in all sectors of the built environment. The benefits are well advertised and range from inducing wellness and monitoring health, amplifying productivity, to energy savings. Comparatively, potential negative risks are less known and mostly relate to cyber-security threats and radiation effects. This meta-integrative qualitative synthesis research sought to determine the possible underlying demerits from developing smart buildings, and whether they outweigh the possible benefits. The study identified five master themes as threats of smart buildings: a surfeit of data centers, the proliferation of undersea cables, the consternation of cyber-security threats, electromagnetic pollution, and E-waste accumulation. Further, the paper discusses the rebound impacts on humans and the environment as smart buildings’ actualization becomes a reality. The study reveals that, although some aspects of smart buildings do have their tangible benefits, the potential repercussions from these not-so-discussed threats could undermine the former when all perspectives and interactions are analyzed collectively rather than in isolation.

ACS Style

Reshna Raveendran; Kheira Tabet Aoul. A Meta-Integrative Qualitative Study on the Hidden Threats of Smart Buildings/Cities and Their Associated Impacts on Humans and the Environment. Buildings 2021, 11, 251 .

AMA Style

Reshna Raveendran, Kheira Tabet Aoul. A Meta-Integrative Qualitative Study on the Hidden Threats of Smart Buildings/Cities and Their Associated Impacts on Humans and the Environment. Buildings. 2021; 11 (6):251.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Reshna Raveendran; Kheira Tabet Aoul. 2021. "A Meta-Integrative Qualitative Study on the Hidden Threats of Smart Buildings/Cities and Their Associated Impacts on Humans and the Environment." Buildings 11, no. 6: 251.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2021 in Sustainability
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The built environment accounts for the highest share of energy use and carbon emissions, particularly in emerging economies, caused by population growth and fast urbanization. This phenomenon is further exacerbated under extreme climatic conditions such as those of the United Arab Emirates, the context of this study, where the highest energy share is consumed in buildings, mostly used in the residential sector for cooling purposes. Despite efforts to curb energy consumption through building energy efficiency measures in new construction, substantial existing building stock and construction quality are left out. Construction defects, particularly in the building envelope, are recognized to affect its thermal integrity. This paper aims, first, to detect through thermography field investigation audit construction defects bearing thermal impacts in existing and under-construction residential buildings. Then, through a qualitative analysis, we identify the resulting energy, cost, and health impacts of the identified defects. Results indicate that lack or discontinuity of insulation, thermal bridging through building elements, blockwork defects, and design change discrepancies are the recurrent building and construction defects. The qualitative review analysis indicates substantial energy loss due to lack of insulation, thermal bridging with cost and health implications, while beneficial mitigation measures include consideration of building envelope retrofitting, skilled workmanship, and the call for quality management procedures during construction.

ACS Style

Kheira Tabet Aoul; Rahma Hagi; Rahma Abdelghani; Monaya Syam; Boshra Akhozheya. Building Envelope Thermal Defects in Existing and Under-Construction Housing in the UAE; Infrared Thermography Diagnosis and Qualitative Impacts Analysis. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2230 .

AMA Style

Kheira Tabet Aoul, Rahma Hagi, Rahma Abdelghani, Monaya Syam, Boshra Akhozheya. Building Envelope Thermal Defects in Existing and Under-Construction Housing in the UAE; Infrared Thermography Diagnosis and Qualitative Impacts Analysis. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2230.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kheira Tabet Aoul; Rahma Hagi; Rahma Abdelghani; Monaya Syam; Boshra Akhozheya. 2021. "Building Envelope Thermal Defects in Existing and Under-Construction Housing in the UAE; Infrared Thermography Diagnosis and Qualitative Impacts Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2230.

Journal article
Published: 30 December 2020 in Sustainability
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Solar thermal-powered desiccant dehumidification systems are attracting attention for cooling load-dominated climates. However, their performance varies substantially from place to place depending on climatic conditions, which therefore warrants a tailored design and specification at each geographical location. The current article attempted to investigate the feasibility of extending an existing solar thermal system in a school building in Abu Dhabi to provide dehumidification for the existing air condition system through a desiccant system. The system performance was predicted through a Transient System (TRNSYS) Simulation model to determine the energy savings achieved by the solar-assisted dehumidification system. The current articles determined the effect of fluid flow rate, solar radiation concentration, and heat exchanger effectiveness at the dehumidification of the fresh air as well as energy saved by the proposed system. It was concluded that the system can remove 35% moisture from the air, simultaneously saving 10% of the building’s energy. The system cost and benefit analysis revealed a payback period of 7.5 years, considered slightly higher for an attractive investment in such systems.

ACS Style

Kheira Aoul; Ahmad Hasan; Joud Dakheel. Assessment of Solar Dehumidification Systems in a Hot Climate. Sustainability 2020, 13, 277 .

AMA Style

Kheira Aoul, Ahmad Hasan, Joud Dakheel. Assessment of Solar Dehumidification Systems in a Hot Climate. Sustainability. 2020; 13 (1):277.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kheira Aoul; Ahmad Hasan; Joud Dakheel. 2020. "Assessment of Solar Dehumidification Systems in a Hot Climate." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 277.

Journal article
Published: 24 December 2020 in Sustainability
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As a result of an increasing demand for energy-efficient buildings with a better experience of user comfort, the built environment sector needs to consider the prediction of building energy performance, which during the design phase, is achieved when a building is handed over and used. There is, however, significant evidence that shows that buildings do not perform as anticipated. This discrepancy is commonly described as the ‘energy performance gap’. Building energy audit and post occupancy evaluation (POE) are among the most efficient processes to identify and reduce the energy performance gap and improve indoor environmental quality by observing, monitoring, and the documentation of in-use buildings’ operating performance. In this study, a case study of UAE university buildings’ energy audit, POE, and dynamic simulation were carried out to first, identify factors of the dynamic energy performance gap, and then to identify the utility of the strategy for reducing the gap. Furthermore, the building energy audit data and POE were applied in order to validate and calibrate a dynamic simulation model. This research demonstrated that the case study building’s systems were not operating as designed and almost a quarter of the cooling energy was wasted due to the fault of the building facility management of the mechanical systems. The more research findings were discussed in the paper.

ACS Style

Young Kim; Lindita Bande; Kheira Aoul; Hasim Altan. Dynamic Energy Performance Gap Analysis of a University Building: Case Studies at UAE University Campus, UAE. Sustainability 2020, 13, 120 .

AMA Style

Young Kim, Lindita Bande, Kheira Aoul, Hasim Altan. Dynamic Energy Performance Gap Analysis of a University Building: Case Studies at UAE University Campus, UAE. Sustainability. 2020; 13 (1):120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young Kim; Lindita Bande; Kheira Aoul; Hasim Altan. 2020. "Dynamic Energy Performance Gap Analysis of a University Building: Case Studies at UAE University Campus, UAE." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 120.

Review
Published: 12 October 2020 in Energies
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The green building rating system within the sustainability framework of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the Pearl Rating System (PRS), similar to most international rating systems such as LEED, considers several strategies, regulations, and policies to improve the energy and water performance in buildings. However, the applicability of considering water as part of energy or the fact that the utilization of energy mandates the usage of water seems unexplored and is not yet included in any of the existing building rating systems. A unified approach of water and energy resources is thus vital for future considerations in energy policy, planning, and the inclusion of the same in the sustainability rating systems. This paper investigated, as a case study, the prospects of water–energy nexus in the prevailing UAE green building rating system—PRS—to uncover whether any water conservation strategy has an adverse effect on energy and vice versa. The review revealed that the major shortcomings of the PRS in terms of water–energy nexus strategy are the usage of reference codes that are not suitable for the UAE’s climate and geographical conditions, inexistent synergy between some credit categories, the oversight of rebound effects, and a need for credit reassessment. The paper also recommends that any proposed strategy to realign credit categories in terms of the water–energy nexus with the potential risk to also have a hidden negative rebound effect that researchers and practitioners should identify lest the water–energy tradeoff brings unprecedented repercussions. The theoretical analysis establishes that the bifurcating management of water and energy in the sustainability rating system and energy policy needs to be revisited in order to reap more sustainable and optimum results that are environmentally, ecologically, and financially consistent.

ACS Style

Reshna Raveendran; Ahmed Hassan; Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul. Diagnoses for Potential Enaction of Water–Energy Nexus in Green Building Rating Systems: Case Study of the Pearl Rating System of United Arab Emirates. Energies 2020, 13, 5284 .

AMA Style

Reshna Raveendran, Ahmed Hassan, Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul. Diagnoses for Potential Enaction of Water–Energy Nexus in Green Building Rating Systems: Case Study of the Pearl Rating System of United Arab Emirates. Energies. 2020; 13 (20):5284.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Reshna Raveendran; Ahmed Hassan; Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul. 2020. "Diagnoses for Potential Enaction of Water–Energy Nexus in Green Building Rating Systems: Case Study of the Pearl Rating System of United Arab Emirates." Energies 13, no. 20: 5284.

Journal article
Published: 19 October 2018 in Sustainability
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Global interest in Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) has grown following forecasts of a compound annual growth rate of 18.7% and a total of 5.4 GW installed worldwide from 2013 to 2019. Although the BIPV technology has been in the public domain for the last three decades, its adoption has been hindered. Existing literature asserts that proper information and education at the proposal or early design stage is an important way of addressing adoption barriers. However, there is a lack of BIPV communication approaches for research, and market proposals that focus on clear information about its benefits. This has limited the adoption of BIPV.. Based on this, the present study aims to develop a conceptual framework for an educative-communication approach for presenting BIPV proposals to encourage its adoption. This is aimed at developing holistic research and market proposals which justify scholarly investigation and financial investment. Using a multiple case study investigation and Design Research Methodology (DRM) principles, the study developed an approach which combines core communication requirements, the pillars of sustainability and a hierarchical description of BIPV alongside its unique advantages. A two-step evaluation strategy involving an online pilot survey and a literature-based checklist, was used to validate the effectiveness of the developed approach. Our results show that understanding environmental and economic benefits was found to be significantly important to people who are likely adopters of BIPV (p < 0.05), making these benefits crucial drivers of adoption. Statistical significance was also found between those who do not know the benefits of using solar energy for electricity, and interest in knowing these benefits (p < 0.05). We thus conclude that proper communication of these benefits can safely be advanced as important facilitators of BIPV adoption. In general, this study elaborates the need and strategies for appropriate dissemination of innovative ideas to encourage and promote adoption of technological advancement for a sustainable global future.

ACS Style

Daniel Efurosibina Attoye; Timothy O. Adekunle; Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul; Ahmed Hassan; Samuel Osekafore Attoye. A Conceptual Framework for a Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) Educative-Communication Approach. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3781 .

AMA Style

Daniel Efurosibina Attoye, Timothy O. Adekunle, Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul, Ahmed Hassan, Samuel Osekafore Attoye. A Conceptual Framework for a Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) Educative-Communication Approach. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (10):3781.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Efurosibina Attoye; Timothy O. Adekunle; Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul; Ahmed Hassan; Samuel Osekafore Attoye. 2018. "A Conceptual Framework for a Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) Educative-Communication Approach." Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3781.

Journal article
Published: 17 September 2018 in Energies
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Similar to many fast growing countries, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) witnessed fast population and urbanization growth. The building sector accounts for a major share of its electricity consumption, reaching up to 70%. To encourage sustainable development and reduce energy consumption and emissions, the government introduced a sustainability initiative called “Estidama”, which employs the use of the Pearl Building Rating System (PBRS). Government buildings, which constitute 20% of the built environment, aim to lead the way, and are therefore required to attain a high level of achievement, based on their PBRS ranking (minimum of two out of five pearls). Schools, led by Abu Dhabi Educational Council (ADEC), are governmental buildings and aim to attain a higher level of achievement (three out of five pearls). The ADEC plans to build one hundred schools to be built by 2020, through its Future Schools Program. Over half of the schools have been completed, but only 20% reached the targeted rating (of three out of five pearls). The Renewable Energy (RE) application in the UAE is minimal, although it represents 25% of the local rating code. The objective of this paper is to explore the sustainable performance of one representative school that did not reach the desired green rating level, with the objective to assess opportunities for an enhanced performance. This is done through testing the performance and the application of three RE systems comprising of photovoltaics (PV) array, an absorption cooling system and a geothermal cooling system through Transient Systems Simulation (TRNSYS) software. Cumulatively, implementation of these options results in RE potentially contributing to 19% of the school’s annual energy consumption, enhancing the school’s performance by up to 14 additional credit points, and reaching the target level of achievement (a three pearl rating). Furthermore, system integration of RE into the existing school were also considered. Results indicate the significant potential of integrating RE systems in future schools in hot climatic contexts, for an improved energy performance.

ACS Style

Joud Al Dakheel; Kheira Tabet Aoul; Ahmed Hassan. Enhancing Green Building Rating of a School under the Hot Climate of UAE; Renewable Energy Application and System Integration. Energies 2018, 11, 2465 .

AMA Style

Joud Al Dakheel, Kheira Tabet Aoul, Ahmed Hassan. Enhancing Green Building Rating of a School under the Hot Climate of UAE; Renewable Energy Application and System Integration. Energies. 2018; 11 (9):2465.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joud Al Dakheel; Kheira Tabet Aoul; Ahmed Hassan. 2018. "Enhancing Green Building Rating of a School under the Hot Climate of UAE; Renewable Energy Application and System Integration." Energies 11, no. 9: 2465.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2018 in Sustainable Buildings
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Building applied solar thermal systems are considered by different stakeholders an attractive alternative to traditional space and water heating systems. However, their performance depends largely on climatic conditions, water heating needs and operational parameters which, in turn, offer opportunities for performance optimization. The present research attempts to provide architects with a design decision tool that integrates solar thermal collectors efficiently to meet hot water demand for various building types inclusive of residential, commercial and industrial in a hot climate. The analysis is conducted numerically through a thermal model developed and executed in TRNSYS and validated experimentally. The parameters investigated include the collector tilt angle, azimuth angle and collector inlet fluid flow rate. Finally, the collector aperture area required per building foot print area is determined. The research revealed that for a 1000 m2 footprint building area of schools, offices, residential, factories and hospitals would require respectively 8 m2, 10 m2, 14 m2, 24 m2 and 38 m2 of the static collector installed at 24° tilt angle with optimal water flow rate. Additional operational aspects of collector tracking, and solar radiation concentration were investigated and further reduce the required collector area. A simple payback period analysis reveals a return on investment of 2 years applying subsidized tariff rates under the climatic conditions of, or similar to Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates.

ACS Style

Kheira Tabet Aoul; Ahmad Hasan; Hassan Riaz. Solar water heating systems for different buildings under a hot climate; parametric optimization and economic analysis. Sustainable Buildings 2018, 3, 3 .

AMA Style

Kheira Tabet Aoul, Ahmad Hasan, Hassan Riaz. Solar water heating systems for different buildings under a hot climate; parametric optimization and economic analysis. Sustainable Buildings. 2018; 3 ():3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kheira Tabet Aoul; Ahmad Hasan; Hassan Riaz. 2018. "Solar water heating systems for different buildings under a hot climate; parametric optimization and economic analysis." Sustainable Buildings 3, no. : 3.

Review
Published: 09 December 2017 in Sustainability
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Technological advancement in Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) has converted the building façade into a renewable energy-based generator. The BIPV façade is designed to provide energy generation along with conventional design objectives such as aesthetics and environmental control. The challenge however, is that architectural design objectives sometimes conflict with energy performance, such as the provision of view and daylight versus maximum power output. In innovative cases, the characteristics of conventional BIPV façades have been modified by researchers to address such conflicts through customization as an emerging trend in BIPV façade design. Although extensive reviews exist on BIPV product types, design integration, adoption barriers and performance issues, research on BIPV customization has not been reviewed as a solution to BIPV adoption. This paper seeks to review the potential of BIPV façade customization as a means of enhancing BIPV adoption. The current paper identifies customization parameters ranging from the customization category, level, and strategies, and related architectural potential along with an assessment of their impact. The findings reflect that elemental and compositional level customization using combined customization strategies provide enhanced BIPV products. These products are well integrated for both energy generation and aesthetic applications with a power output increase of up to 80% in some cases. The paper concludes that a wide range of BIPV adoption barriers such as aesthetics, architectural integration, and performance can be overcome by appropriate BIPV customization.

ACS Style

Daniel Efurosibina Attoye; Ahmed Hassan; Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul. A Review on Building Integrated Photovoltaic Façade Customization Potentials. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2287 .

AMA Style

Daniel Efurosibina Attoye, Ahmed Hassan, Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul. A Review on Building Integrated Photovoltaic Façade Customization Potentials. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (12):2287.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Efurosibina Attoye; Ahmed Hassan; Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul. 2017. "A Review on Building Integrated Photovoltaic Façade Customization Potentials." Sustainability 9, no. 12: 2287.

Review
Published: 23 October 2017 in Energies
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Active shading systems in buildings have emerged as a high performing shading solution that selectively and optimally controls daylight and heat gains. Active shading systems are increasingly used in buildings, due to their ability to mainly improve the building environment, reduce energy consumption and in some cases generate energy. They may be categorized into three classes: smart glazing, kinetic shading and integrated renewable energy shading. This paper reviews the current status of the different types in terms of design principle and working mechanism of the systems, performance, control strategies and building applications. Challenges, limitations and future opportunities of the systems are then discussed. The review highlights that despite its high initial cost, the electrochromic (EC) glazing is the most applied smart glazing due to the extensive use of glass in buildings under all climatic conditions. In terms of external shadings, the rotating shading type is the predominantly used one in buildings due to its low initial cost. Algae façades and folding shading systems are still emerging types, with high initial and maintenance costs and requiring specialist installers. The algae façade systems and PV integrated shading systems are a promising solution due to their dual benefits of providing shading and generating electricity. Active shading systems were found to save 12 to 50% of the building cooling electricity consumption.

ACS Style

Joud Al Dakheel; Kheira Tabet Aoul. Building Applications, Opportunities and Challenges of Active Shading Systems: A State-of-the-Art Review. Energies 2017, 10, 1672 .

AMA Style

Joud Al Dakheel, Kheira Tabet Aoul. Building Applications, Opportunities and Challenges of Active Shading Systems: A State-of-the-Art Review. Energies. 2017; 10 (10):1672.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joud Al Dakheel; Kheira Tabet Aoul. 2017. "Building Applications, Opportunities and Challenges of Active Shading Systems: A State-of-the-Art Review." Energies 10, no. 10: 1672.

Journal article
Published: 30 August 2017 in Sustainability
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High-rise residential buildings in dense cities, such as London, are a common response to housing shortage. The apartments in these buildings may experience different levels of thermal and visual comfort, depending on their orientation and floor level. This paper aims to develop simplified tools to predict internal temperatures and daylighting levels, and propose a tool to quickly assess overheating risk and daylight performance in London’s high-rise residential buildings. Single- and double-sided apartments in a high-rise building were compared, and the impact of their floor level, glazing ratio, thermal mass, ventilation strategy and orientation was investigated. Using Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment (IES VE), temperature and daylight factor results of each design variable were used to develop early design tools to predict and assess overheating risks and daylighting levels. The results indicate that apartments that are more exposed to solar radiations, through either orientation or floor level, are more susceptible to overheat in the summer while exceeding the daylighting recommendations. Different design strategies at different levels and orientations are subsequently discussed.

ACS Style

Bachir Nebia; Kheira Tabet Aoul. Overheating and Daylighting; Assessment Tool in Early Design of London’s High-Rise Residential Buildings. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1544 .

AMA Style

Bachir Nebia, Kheira Tabet Aoul. Overheating and Daylighting; Assessment Tool in Early Design of London’s High-Rise Residential Buildings. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (9):1544.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bachir Nebia; Kheira Tabet Aoul. 2017. "Overheating and Daylighting; Assessment Tool in Early Design of London’s High-Rise Residential Buildings." Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1544.

Original articles
Published: 06 May 2015 in International Journal of Architectural Heritage
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This study investigates daylighting design in Tunisian and Algerian mosques from the Ottoman era. It aims to constitute a daylight-based architectural design knowledge which might serve the built heritage preservation as well as supports contemporary environmentally friendly mosques’ and building design. An intensive literature review and a field work research have been undertaken in Tunisia and Algeria in order to survey daylighting devices in the Ottoman mosques era. Nine Tunisian and 14 Algerian mosques, from the Ottoman era, constitute the study corpus. First, an inventory of architectural components and their associated daylighting strategies was carried out. This collected data is then examined by means of a building conformation lecture based on typological, topological, and morphological analysis. This research reveals the existence of an interrelated set of daylighting devices and structural models governing rules in the Ottoman mosque model, site conditions, and previous local architectural styles.

ACS Style

Azeddine Belakehal; Kheira Tabet Aoul; Abdallah Farhi. Daylight as a Design Strategy in the Ottoman Mosques of Tunisia and Algeria. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2015, 10, 688 -703.

AMA Style

Azeddine Belakehal, Kheira Tabet Aoul, Abdallah Farhi. Daylight as a Design Strategy in the Ottoman Mosques of Tunisia and Algeria. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2015; 10 (6):688-703.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Azeddine Belakehal; Kheira Tabet Aoul; Abdallah Farhi. 2015. "Daylight as a Design Strategy in the Ottoman Mosques of Tunisia and Algeria." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 10, no. 6: 688-703.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2004 in Renewable Energy
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In hot arid regions, sunlighting is an essential consideration to achieve an environmentally conscious architecture. This paper aims to identify the sunlighting strategies and their resulting typology in some urban spaces, different types of buildings and constructional details as they have been developed in the hot and arid regions of the Islamic world.

ACS Style

A Belakehal; K Tabet Aoul; Amar Bennadji. Sunlighting and daylighting strategies in the traditional urban spaces and buildings of the hot arid regions. Renewable Energy 2004, 29, 687 -702.

AMA Style

A Belakehal, K Tabet Aoul, Amar Bennadji. Sunlighting and daylighting strategies in the traditional urban spaces and buildings of the hot arid regions. Renewable Energy. 2004; 29 (5):687-702.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A Belakehal; K Tabet Aoul; Amar Bennadji. 2004. "Sunlighting and daylighting strategies in the traditional urban spaces and buildings of the hot arid regions." Renewable Energy 29, no. 5: 687-702.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 1996 in Renewable Energy
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The objective of this paper is to reconcile two of the facade's functions: 1)the control of solar radiation as the energy related function and 2) the aesthetical expression on its design. The approach adopted is to maximise the shading on the facade through an optimisation of its components. Then, using experimental aesthetics these facade's components are ordered in such a way as to achieve a harmonious composition. Arid zones of Islamic countries are the context of this study.

ACS Style

A. Belakehal; K. Tabet Aoul. Shading and shadowing: Concepts for an interactive strategy between solar control and aesthetics in the design of the facade. Reference to arid zones. Renewable Energy 1996, 8, 323 -326.

AMA Style

A. Belakehal, K. Tabet Aoul. Shading and shadowing: Concepts for an interactive strategy between solar control and aesthetics in the design of the facade. Reference to arid zones. Renewable Energy. 1996; 8 (1):323-326.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Belakehal; K. Tabet Aoul. 1996. "Shading and shadowing: Concepts for an interactive strategy between solar control and aesthetics in the design of the facade. Reference to arid zones." Renewable Energy 8, no. 1: 323-326.