In this paper, the challenges inherent in the development of a decarbonized transportation system are thoroughly examined. Sustainable transportation practices that can contribute to the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions and overall sustainability are identified. Furthermore, the most effective and innovative research avenues being pursued by the research community to enhance transportation sustainability are reviewed and discussed. The review framework has been designed to facilitate the identification of key areas of interest through the implementation of a systematic literature review approach. Firstly, an in-depth analysis is provided concerning the main barriers encountered in the realization of sustainable transportation. These barriers are categorized into five dimensions, namely regulatory, technological, financial, organizational, and social. Subsequently, attention is directed towards the emerging approaches that actively support the implementation of sustainable transportation. Lastly, the primary policy measures intended to promote sustainable mobility are the subject of discussion. The findings unveiled in this paper possess the potential to provide managers and policy makers with a comprehensive understanding of transportation sustainability issues. Furthermore, they carry practical implications that can contribute to the construction of sustainable transportation systems.