Tree species classification is a ubiquitous task in the forest inventory field. Only directly measured feature vectors have been applied to most existing methods that use LiDAR technology for tree species classification. As a result, it is difficult to obtain a satisfactory tree species classification performance. To solve this challenge, the authors of this paper developed two new kinds of feature vectors, including fractal geometry-based feature vectors and quantitative structural model (QSM)-based feature vectors. In terms of fractal geometry, both two fractal parameters were extracted as feature vectors for reflecting how tree architecture is distributed in three-dimensional space. In terms of QSM, the ratio of length change and the ratio of radius change of different branches were extracted as feature vectors. To reduce the feature vector dimensionality and explore valuable feature vectors, feature vector dimension reduction was conducted using the classification and regression tree (CART). Five hundred and sixty-eight individual trees with five tree species were selected for evaluating the performance of the developed feature vectors. The experimental results indicate that the tree species of Fagus sylvatica achieved the highest overall accuracy, which is 98.06%, while Quercus petraea obtained the lowest overall accuracy, which is 96.65%. Four other classical supervised learning methods were adopted for comparison. The comparison result indicates that the proposed method outperformed the other four supervised learning methods no matter which accuracy indicator was adopted. In comparison with the relevant method, the eight feature vectors developed in this paper also performed much better. This indicates that the fractal geometry-based feature vectors and QSM-based feature vectors developed in this paper can effectively improve the performance of tree species classification.

Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) dams are critical infrastructure, playing an important role in economic and social development. However, dam failure can cause great losses. To mitigate hazards, studies of methods to deal with the uncertainty involved in the comprehensive evaluation process of the safety state of RCC dams are hot issues. Interval number theory is applied to quantify the uncertainty in this study. A comprehensive evaluation indicator system is explored, an approach to allocating the indicator weight rationally is proposed, and a comprehensive evaluation model is established. Comprehensive evaluation standards are developed. An RCC dam in China is used to illustrate the applicability of this comprehensive evaluation method based on interval number theory. The results indicate that the method and models proposed are suitable for comprehensively evaluating the safety state of RCC dams and can be used as a new procedure to monitor the safety of an RCC dam.