Breast cancer represents a significant global health challenge, which makes it essential to detect breast cancer early and accurately to improve patient prognosis and reduce mortality rates. However, traditional diagnostic processes relying on manual analysis of medical images are inherently complex and subject to variability between observers, highlighting the urgent need for robust automated breast cancer detection systems. While deep learning has demonstrated potential, many current models struggle with limited accuracy and lack of interpretability. This research introduces the Deep Neural Breast Cancer Detection (DNBCD) model, an explainable AI-based framework that utilizes deep learning methods for classifying breast cancer using histopathological and ultrasound images. The proposed model employs Densenet121 as a foundation, integrating customized Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) layers including GlobalAveragePooling2D, Dense, and Dropout layers along with transfer learning to achieve both high accuracy and interpretability for breast cancer diagnosis. The proposed DNBCD model integrates several preprocessing techniques, including image normalization and resizing, and augmentation techniques to enhance the model’s robustness and address class imbalances using class weight. It employs Grad-CAM (Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping) to offer visual justifications for its predictions, increasing trust and transparency among healthcare providers. The model was assessed using two benchmark datasets: Breakhis-400x (B-400x) and Breast Ultrasound Images Dataset (BUSI) containing 1820 and 1578 images, respectively. We systematically divided the datasets into training (70%), testing (20%,) and validation (10%) sets, ensuring efficient model training and evaluation obtaining accuracies of 93.97% for B-400x dataset having benign and malignant classes and 89.87% for BUSI dataset having benign, malignant, and normal classes for breast cancer detection. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DNBCD model significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art approaches with potential uses in clinical environments. We also made all the materials publicly accessible for the research community at: https://github.com/romzanalom/XAI-Based-Deep-Neural-Breast-Cancer-Detection.

Global food security is seriously threatened by wheat leaf disease, which makes effective and precise disease detection and classification techniques necessary. For efficient disease control and the best possible crop health, timely identification and precise classification are essential. However, the limited availability of datasets for wheat leaf diseases hinders the development of effective and robust classification models. This research emphasizes the importance of precise wheat leaf disease diagnosis for global food security. The existing methods face challenges with limited data and computational demands. The research explores the potential of deep learning for automated disease detection, considering these challenges. CycleGAN proved to be the most effective among various augmentation techniques, enhancing the performance of classifiers DenseNet121, ResNet50V2, DenseNet169, Xception, ResNet152V2, and MobileNetV2. ADASYN also significantly improved classification accuracy, with MobileNetV2 consistently outperforming across different augmentation methods. This technique excels in overcoming challenges posed by limited datasets and class imbalances. Using CycleGAN for data augmentation notably enhanced classifier performance, addressing the scarcity of real-world samples. Evaluation through confusion matrix analysis revealed a minimal number of misclassified images—possibly as low as 0 to 3 images over the test dataset. The exceptional 100% accuracy achieved by the MobileNetV2 model on both CycleGAN and ADASYN augmented datasets highlights the potential of these techniques to unlock new levels of accuracy in wheat disease classification. This augmentation technique fine-tuned the classifier, reducing errors and highlighting the crucial role of CycleGAN in enhancing the accuracy and precision of wheat disease classification models. The proposed method establishes CycleGAN’s effectiveness in augmenting wheat leaf disease classification and recognizes ADASYN’s potential. The developed technique shows promise for automated disease detection in agriculture, enhancing global food security. Future research may optimize computational efficiency and explore integrating emerging technologies such as edge computing.

This paper presents a thorough review and analysis of solar photovoltaic (PV) home systems in Malaysia, offering a comprehensive exploration of their implementation, challenges, benefits, and future potential. As a nation striving to embrace sustainable and renewable energy solutions, Malaysia’s adoption of solar PV systems at the residential level is of paramount importance. The study delves into the current state of solar PV deployment, government initiatives, and policy frameworks that influence adoption trends. It examines the economic, environmental, and societal advantages of solar PV home systems, outlining their contribution to reducing electricity costs, carbon emissions, and energy dependence. Addressing barriers to wider acceptance, the paper scrutinizes challenges encompassing cost, awareness, intermittency, and regulatory constraints. Furthermore, the study evaluates the socio-economic implications of solar PV home systems, including potential job creation and energy independence. Technological advancements, such as enhanced efficiency and smart grid integration, are also explored for their role in surmounting obstacles. Drawing insights from practical case studies, the paper underscores successful installations and the lessons they offer. In examining policy and regulatory frameworks, it analyzes existing incentives while suggesting improvements to accelerate adoption. Finally, the paper offers a visionary perspective on the future trajectory of solar PV home systems in Malaysia, envisioning increased affordability, advanced energy storage solutions, and seamless integration with emerging technologies. This holistic analysis contributes valuable insights to propel Malaysia’s sustainable energy transition and inform strategic decision making for stakeholders across sectors.

Eye diseases, a significant global health concern, require timely detection to prevent vision loss. The alarming prevalence of eye diseases necessitates immediate action through early diagnosis, making it urgent to develop an automatic detection system. Many researchers have been working to develop such systems. Yet, existing solutions still face difficulties in achieving high-performance accuracy due to challenges like lacking feature effectiveness, high computational demands, and incomplete disease coverage. To overcome these challenges, we proposed a novel eye-disease detection system leveraging multi-stage deep learning technologies. In the study, we employed a preprocessing approach to ensure the system’s robustness against rotation and translation, enhancing its effectiveness across varied conditions. Then, we employed a lightweight three-stage deep learning approach for extracting effective features and specific advantages. In the procedure, Stage 1 focuses on extracting fine-grained features using deep learning layers where the layers can automatically learn and identify complex patterns associated with various eye diseases, improving feature effectiveness and overall system accuracy. Then, we employed stage 2, which is constructed with two branches, each composed of convolutional blocks and identity blocks; this stage extracts hierarchical features by concatenating the outputs of the two branches. This hierarchical approach captures both low-level and high-level features, enhancing the extracted features’ richness and robustness and leading to better classification performance. We concatenated the two branch features that fed into the classification module, producing a probabilistic eye disease presence map. By converting hierarchical features into precise disease predictions, this stage ensures accurate probabilistic outputs, aiding better decision-making and diagnosis. We evaluated the proposed model with OCT2017, Dataset-101, and Retinal OCT C8 datasets, demonstrating an accuracy improvement of up to 1% over existing state-of-the-art models in both multi-class and binary classification tasks. The lightweight design and reduced computational requirements of the model highlight its applicability for real-world deployment, particularly in resource-constrained environments. This computer-aided detection system offers a meaningful advancement in the field of automatic eye disease detection by providing a more accurate and efficient tool that can be deployed widely.

Video pornography and nudity detection aim to detect and classify people in videos into nude or normal for censorship purposes. Recent literature has demonstrated pornography detection utilising the convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract features directly from the whole frames and support vector machine (SVM) to classify the extracted features into two categories. However, existing methods were not able to detect the small-scale content of pornography and nudity in frames with diverse backgrounds. This limitation has led to a high false-negative rate (FNR) and misclassification of nude frames as normal ones. In order to address this matter, this paper explores the limitation of the existing convolutional-only approaches focusing the visual attention of CNN on the expected nude regions inside the frames to reduce the FNR. The You Only Look Once (YOLO) object detector was transferred to the pornography and nudity detection application to detect persons as regions of interest (ROIs), which were applied to CNN and SVM for nude/normal classification. Several experiments were conducted to compare the performance of various CNNs and classifiers using our proposed dataset. It was found that ResNet101 with random forest outperformed other models concerning the F1-score of 90.03% and accuracy of 87.75%. Furthermore, an ablation study was performed to demonstrate the impact of adding the YOLO before the CNN. YOLO–CNN was shown to outperform CNN-only in terms of accuracy, which was increased from 85.5% to 89.5%. Additionally, a new benchmark dataset with challenging content, including various human sizes and backgrounds, was proposed.

Agriculture plays a vital role in Bangladesh’s economy. It is essential to ensure the proper growth and health of crops for the development of the agricultural sector. In the context of Bangladesh, crop diseases pose a significant threat to agricultural output and, consequently, food security. This necessitates the timely and precise identification of such diseases to ensure the sustainability of food production. This study focuses on building a hybrid deep learning model for the identification of three specific diseases affecting three major crops: late blight in potatoes, brown spot in rice, and common rust in corn. The proposed model leverages EfficientNetB0′s feature extraction capabilities, known for achieving rapid high learning rates, coupled with the classification proficiency of SVMs, a well-established machine learning algorithm. This unified approach streamlines data processing and feature extraction, potentially improving model generalizability across diverse crops and diseases. It also aims to address the challenges of computational efficiency and accuracy that are often encountered in precision agriculture applications. The proposed hybrid model achieved 97.29% accuracy. A comparative analysis with other models, CNN, VGG16, ResNet50, Xception, Mobilenet V2, Autoencoders, Inception v3, and EfficientNetB0 each achieving an accuracy of 86.57%, 83.29%, 68.79%, 94.07%, 90.71%, 87.90%, 94.14%, and 96.14% respectively, demonstrated the superior performance of our proposed model.