El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar predictivamente los indicadores macroeconómicos del sector turismo post Covid-19 para el Perú durante el período 2019-2023 con datos correspondientes a los indicadores macroeconómicos 2007-2018 con proyección al 2023. La metodología consistió en una investigación documental y descriptiva utilizando como muestra los turistas que ingresan al Perú. Los resultados indican estimando a través de la suavización exponencial doble el ingreso por turismo per cápita en 1137 US$ para finales del 2020. A finales de 2021 será de 1136 dólares y en 2023 de 1133 dólares. Los ingresos en divisas son de 5161 millones de dólares en 2021 y de 5508 millones en 2023. El Producto Interior Bruto para el sector de Alojamiento y Restauración, explica el crecimiento exponencial, registrando 18.398 millones 307 mil dólares para 2021. Las conclusiones muestran que el factor clave del superávit en el sector turístico es el aprovechamiento de la entrega en el subsector restaurante y la adaptación de las cadenas hoteleras al contexto post-Covid-19.

The objective of this study was to investigate if there is specific host-parasite association in Chilean populations of Trypanosoma cruzi. For this purpose, two groups of parasites were analyzed, one from chronic chagasic patients, and the other from Triatoma infestans triatomines in three regions of the country. The first group consisted of four types of samples: parasites from peripheral blood of non-cardiopathic T. cruzi infected patients (NB); parasites from their corresponding xenodiagnosis (NX); parasites from peripheral blood of T. cruzi infected cardiopathic patients (CB) and parasites from their xenodiagnostics (CX). The T. infestans sample in turn was from three regions: III, V and M (Metropolitan). The genetic differentiation by the Fisher exact method, the lineage distribution of the samples, the molecular phylogeny and the frequency of multiclonality were analysed. The results show that not only are the groups of T. cruzi clones from Chagas disease patients and vectors genetically differentiated, but also all the sub-groups (NB, NX, CB and CX) from the III, V and M regions. The analysis of lineage distribution was concordant with the above results, because significant differences among the percentages of TcI, TcIII and hybrids (TcV or TcVI) were observed. The phylogenetic reconstruction with these Chilean T. cruzi samples was coherent with the above results because the four chagasic samples clustered together in a node with high bootstrap support, whereas the three triatomine samples (III, V and M) were located apart from that node. The topology of the tree including published T. cruzi clones and isolates was concordant with the known topology, which confirmed that the results presented here are correct and are not biased by experimental error. Taken together the results presented here are concordant with a specific host-parasite association between some Chilean T. cruzi populations.

The purpose of this article is to reflect on the sustainability of informal artisanal mining in the Peruvian Andean area until the year 2022. The research is basic and non-experimental in design and ex post facto in scope. The sample consisted of crime prevention statistics on socio-environmental conflict from guardianship institutions and a television program on mining. Our research procedure focused on gathering secondary information for a documentary review analysis based on past proven and disseminated facts. Informal artisanal mining is strengthened in the Peruvian Andean area due to the following influencing factors: support represented as the social license granted by communal assemblies; the flexibility of governmental management in relaxing compliance related to formalization and preventive laws regarding environmental protection; the resistance to formalization and the 50% increase in socio-environmental conflict; and the 25% increase in production costs related agricultural activities, which promotes the displacement towards mining activities. The environmental sustainability consequences are as follows: limited reconversion of agricultural land-use change in one-third of the communal territories at the headwaters of the basin, which generates the displacement of environmentally friendly economic activity, and a parallel positive action is the impossibility of modification or intervention affecting water surfaces and wetlands due to communal agreements that mining companies must respect during operation.

The objective was to identify and interpret the factors that weakened the association of potato producers in the communities of Ancatira, Cupisa, Choccecancha, Kishuará, Tintay, Andahuaylas province, Peru. The design is a case study, at ex post facto level, delimited and induced to obtain information from the opinions, positions of members of an association of potato producers. The interview and observation technique was used. The factors that weaken the association are: The conditions of the training and / or advisory services, on many occasions, were short, isolated, preventing them from further strengthening them, because they sought to congregate greater participation and funding was limited, preventing the theory from being tested in the field. The results of the previous efforts were insufficient, lasting considerable periods. The permanence in the association focused on the form of the only path, with no option or other alternative and one becomes a member with ease; it is difficult to immediately withdraw from the association. The partners are aware that the product levels obtained were insufficient, there were problems in the product marketing process. The managers were accommodating, seeking to provide a solution to the various problems, achieving acceptable results, but limiting the benefits of the other partners. There was always a climate towards the moderate, diminished by the behaviors of disinterest, aversion to risk, permissibility of managers. There is a regulation of sanctions; which stipulate the procedures to be followed, but in practice, flexibility, horizontal treatment, what is permissible from the authorities, has made the management instrument expository and to a certain degree applicable according to the type of offense or violation.

The purpose was to reflect on the sustainability of artisanal and informal mining in the Peruvian Andean zone by 2022. The type of research was basic, non-experimental design, ex post facto scope. The sample consisted of: statistics on crime prevention due to socio-environmental conflicts from the National Prosecutor's Office and the Ombudsman's Office, reports of interventions targeted at artisanal and informal miners. The procedure focused on gathering secondary information for a documentary review analysis that is based on proven and disseminated past facts. Artisanal and informal mining is strengthened in the Peruvian Andean zone by incidence and force: 1) the social license and agreements by community assembly, 2) the flexibility in compliance with the formalization, preventive and environmental protection laws, 3) the 50% increase in socio-environmental conflict due to mining activity, 4) a 25% progressive increase in the production costs of agricultural and livestock activities. The direct consequences on environmental sustainability are: 1) the delimited reconversion of the change in agricultural land use in a third of the communal territories in basin headwaters; 2) displacement of environmentally friendly economic activity by 20% in basin headwaters; 3) the impossibility of modification or intervention in water surfaces, bofedales by communal agreements.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la desintegración de operadores turísticos en la ruta ecoturística “Hatun ñan orqupi pampachiri”. Investigación de enfoque cualitativo, tipo básica, diseño no experimental, estudio de caso. La muestra estuvo conformada por 7 operadores turísticos del poblado de Huaccoto y 3 del poblado de Llamcama, cuyos criterios de inclusión fueron tener en operación mínimo dos años y el emprendimiento a nivel familiar. Las técnicas e instrumentos utilizados fueron el análisis revisión documentaria, la observación y la entrevista. La desintegración de los operadores turísticos, se soporta en los problemas de saneamiento físico-legal de la comunidad campesina internos y externos; en el conflicto socio territorial sobre los interés, posiciones de riqueza por grupos familiares y amicales adversos a consolidar una administración local mediante una asociación única; la débil presencia de la gestión del municipio local y el predominio de operadores turísticos no asociados en el rubro transporte-guiado, que no garantiza la sostenibilidad de los recursos turísticos.