The purpose of this article is to reflect on the sustainability of informal artisanal mining in the Peruvian Andean area until the year 2022. The research is basic and non-experimental in design and ex post facto in scope. The sample consisted of crime prevention statistics on socio-environmental conflict from guardianship institutions and a television program on mining. Our research procedure focused on gathering secondary information for a documentary review analysis based on past proven and disseminated facts. Informal artisanal mining is strengthened in the Peruvian Andean area due to the following influencing factors: support represented as the social license granted by communal assemblies; the flexibility of governmental management in relaxing compliance related to formalization and preventive laws regarding environmental protection; the resistance to formalization and the 50% increase in socio-environmental conflict; and the 25% increase in production costs related agricultural activities, which promotes the displacement towards mining activities. The environmental sustainability consequences are as follows: limited reconversion of agricultural land-use change in one-third of the communal territories at the headwaters of the basin, which generates the displacement of environmentally friendly economic activity, and a parallel positive action is the impossibility of modification or intervention affecting water surfaces and wetlands due to communal agreements that mining companies must respect during operation.

The objective of this study was to investigate if there is specific host-parasite association in Chilean populations of Trypanosoma cruzi. For this purpose, two groups of parasites were analyzed, one from chronic chagasic patients, and the other from Triatoma infestans triatomines in three regions of the country. The first group consisted of four types of samples: parasites from peripheral blood of non-cardiopathic T. cruzi infected patients (NB); parasites from their corresponding xenodiagnosis (NX); parasites from peripheral blood of T. cruzi infected cardiopathic patients (CB) and parasites from their xenodiagnostics (CX). The T. infestans sample in turn was from three regions: III, V and M (Metropolitan). The genetic differentiation by the Fisher exact method, the lineage distribution of the samples, the molecular phylogeny and the frequency of multiclonality were analysed. The results show that not only are the groups of T. cruzi clones from Chagas disease patients and vectors genetically differentiated, but also all the sub-groups (NB, NX, CB and CX) from the III, V and M regions. The analysis of lineage distribution was concordant with the above results, because significant differences among the percentages of TcI, TcIII and hybrids (TcV or TcVI) were observed. The phylogenetic reconstruction with these Chilean T. cruzi samples was coherent with the above results because the four chagasic samples clustered together in a node with high bootstrap support, whereas the three triatomine samples (III, V and M) were located apart from that node. The topology of the tree including published T. cruzi clones and isolates was concordant with the known topology, which confirmed that the results presented here are correct and are not biased by experimental error. Taken together the results presented here are concordant with a specific host-parasite association between some Chilean T. cruzi populations.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar predictivamente los indicadores macroeconómicos del sector turismo post Covid-19 para el Perú durante el período 2019-2023 con datos correspondientes a los indicadores macroeconómicos 2007-2018 con proyección al 2023. La metodología consistió en una investigación documental y descriptiva utilizando como muestra los turistas que ingresan al Perú. Los resultados indican estimando a través de la suavización exponencial doble el ingreso por turismo per cápita en 1137 US$ para finales del 2020. A finales de 2021 será de 1136 dólares y en 2023 de 1133 dólares. Los ingresos en divisas son de 5161 millones de dólares en 2021 y de 5508 millones en 2023. El Producto Interior Bruto para el sector de Alojamiento y Restauración, explica el crecimiento exponencial, registrando 18.398 millones 307 mil dólares para 2021. Las conclusiones muestran que el factor clave del superávit en el sector turístico es el aprovechamiento de la entrega en el subsector restaurante y la adaptación de las cadenas hoteleras al contexto post-Covid-19.

The objective was to identify and interpret the factors that weakened the association of potato producers in the communities of Ancatira, Cupisa, Choccecancha, Kishuará, Tintay, Andahuaylas province, Peru. The design is a case study, at ex post facto level, delimited and induced to obtain information from the opinions, positions of members of an association of potato producers. The interview and observation technique was used. The factors that weaken the association are: The conditions of the training and / or advisory services, on many occasions, were short, isolated, preventing them from further strengthening them, because they sought to congregate greater participation and funding was limited, preventing the theory from being tested in the field. The results of the previous efforts were insufficient, lasting considerable periods. The permanence in the association focused on the form of the only path, with no option or other alternative and one becomes a member with ease; it is difficult to immediately withdraw from the association. The partners are aware that the product levels obtained were insufficient, there were problems in the product marketing process. The managers were accommodating, seeking to provide a solution to the various problems, achieving acceptable results, but limiting the benefits of the other partners. There was always a climate towards the moderate, diminished by the behaviors of disinterest, aversion to risk, permissibility of managers. There is a regulation of sanctions; which stipulate the procedures to be followed, but in practice, flexibility, horizontal treatment, what is permissible from the authorities, has made the management instrument expository and to a certain degree applicable according to the type of offense or violation.

The general objective of the research was: Interpret the differences in the predisposition to organizational change of the administrative public servants of the Local Educational Management Units, Apurimac region, Peru. The elements that make up the differences are: The forces in favor of change and the forces of resistance to change. The research is located in the mixed approach. It is a basic research; whose design was comparative and the sample was intentional. The statistical test used was the “t” of independent samples. The results show us that there are no significant differences between the Local Educational Management Units, hereinafter LEMU; regarding the predisposition to organizational change on the part of public administrative servants, all of them present the same strengthened routine behavior that results in a conformity of actions, an aversion to risk sustained in fear of technological adaptation and competition. In addition to the flexible structure, it allows for robust informal communication and organization that does not help drive organizational change. Keywords: predisposition; change; organizational; public server. El objetivo general de la investigación fue: Interpretar las diferencias en la predisposición al cambio organizacional de los servidores públicos administrativos de las Unidades de Gestión Educativa Local, región Apurímac, Perú. Los elementos que forman sostener las diferencias son: Las fuerzas a favor del cambio y las fuerzas de resistencia al cambio. La investigación está ubicada en el enfoque mixto. Es una investigación de tipo básica, cuyo diseño fue comparativo y la muestra fue intencional. La prueba estadística usada fue la t de muestras independientes. Los resultados nos demuestran que no existen diferencias significativas entre las Unidades de Gestión Educativa Local, en adelante UGEL; respecto a la predisposición al cambio organizacional de parte de los servidores públicos administrativos, todas presentan un mismo comportamiento de rutina fortalecida que deriva en una conformidad de acciones, una aversión al riesgo sostenido en el miedo a la adaptación tecnológica y competir, además que la estructura flexible permite una comunicación y organización informal sólida que no ayuda a impulsar el cambio organizacional. Palabras clave: Predisposición; cambio; organización; servidor público. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi: Interpretar as diferenças na predisposição à mudança organizacional dos servidores públicos administrativos das Unidades de Gestão Educacional Local, região de Apurimac, Peru. Os elementos que compõem as diferenças são: As forças a favor da mudança e as forças da resistência à mudança. A pesquisa está localizada na abordagem mista. Tratase de uma pesquisa básica, cujo desenho foi comparativo e a amostra foi intencional. O teste estatístico utilizado foi o “t” de amostras independentes. Os resultados mostram que não há diferenças significativas entre as Unidades de Gestão Educacional Local, em diante UGEL; sobre a predisposição à mudança organizacional por parte dos servidores públicos, todos eles exibem o mesmo comportamento rotineiro fortalecido que resulta em uma conformidade das ações, uma aversão ao risco sustentada pelo medo de adaptação tecnológica e competição. Além da estrutura flexível, permite comunicação e organização informais robustas que não ajudam a impulsionar a mudança organizacional. Palavras-chave: predisposição; mudança; organizacional; servidor público.

The purpose was to describe and illustrate the characteristics that give sustainability to the use of the ecotourism microcircuit Hatun ñan orqupi Lamcama. The design is non-experimental, linked to the case study design. The sample was the closed circuit of ecotourism resources located in Llamcama’s town. The method applied was on-site with the satellite capture support for orientation, location of resources, and mapping of trails, added to assess the vulnerability of ecotourism resources, use of the interview technique. Sustainability focuses on: (a) organizing local tour operators, who could serve a maximum of 80 visitors a day and 400 visitors a week, at a ticket cost of 5 PEN per visitor, total revenue per week and month, will be: 2000 PEN and 8000 PEN respectively; (b) accessibility is good to moderate in high season, changing to low in rainy season; (c) the security in the transfer and internal route is high, the signaling exists; d) the resources are characterized by being geometric shapes or anthropomorphic or zoomorphic approximation in the relief, caused by the forces of rain and wind; added to cave formations.