Numerical analysis computational programs are applied to the research of biological tissues, which have complex forms. Continuous technological advance has facilitated the development of biomodels to evaluate biological tissues of different human body systems using computerized axial tomography to produce complex three-dimensional models that represent the morphological and physiological characteristics of the real tissues. Biomodels are applied to numerical analysis using the Finite Element Method and provide a perspective of the mechanical behavior in the system. In this study, a numerical evaluation was performed by developing a biomodel of the humerus, radius, and ulna (the elbow joint, composed of cortical bone, trabecular bone, and cartilage). Also introduced to the biomodel were the ligaments of the capsule joint, collateral ligaments of the ulna, and collateral ligaments of the radius. The biomodel was imported into a computer program to perform a numerical analysis considering the mechanical properties of cortical and trabecular bone (including elasticity modulus, shear modulus, Poisson relation, and density). The embedding conditions were defined to restrict displacements and rotations in the proximal zone of the humerus, applying a compression load to the other end of the biomodel at the distal area of the radius and ulna. The results are the direct consequence of how boundary conditions and external agents are applied to the structure to be analyzed, and the data obtained show how the behavior of the force applied through the component produces stresses and strains as a whole, as well as for each of the components. These stresses and strains can indicate zones with structural problems and the detection areas causing pain (assisting in a better diagnosis).

Dental implants have become an alternative to replace the teeth of people suffering from edentulous and meet the physiological and morphological characteristics (recovering 95% of the chewing function). The evolution and innovation of biomaterials for dental implants have had a trajectory that dates back to prehistory, where dental pieces were replaced by ivory or seashells, to the present day, where they are replaced by metallic materials such as titanium or ceramics such as zirconium or fiberglass. The numerical evaluation focuses on comparing the stress distribution and general displacement between different dental implants and a healthy tooth when applying a force of 850 N. For the analysis, a model of the anatomical structure was developed of a healthy tooth considering three essential parts of the tooth (enamel, dentin, and pulp). The tooth biomodel was established through computed tomography. Three dental implant models were considered by changing the geometry of the abutment. A structural simulation was carried out by applying the finite element method (FEM). In addition, the material considered for the analyses was zirconium oxide (ZrO${}_2$), which was compared against titanium alloy (Ti${}_6$Al${}_4$V). The analyses were considered with linear, isotropic, and homogeneous properties. The variables included in the biomodeling were the modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, density, and elastic limit. The results obtained from the study indicated a significant difference in the biomechanical behavior of the von Mises forces and the displacement between the healthy tooth and the titanium and zirconium implant models. However, the difference between the titanium implant and the zirconium implant is minimal because one is more rigid, and the other is more tenacious.

In motorsports, the correct design of every device that constitutes a vehicle is a significant task for engineers because the car’s efficiency on the track depends on making it competitive. However, the physical integrity of the pilot is also at stake, since a bad vehicle design can cause serious mishaps. To achieve the correct development of a front wing for a single-seater vehicle, it is necessary to adequately simulate the forces that are generated on a car to evaluate its performance, which depends on the aerodynamic forces of the front wing that are present due to its geometry. This work provided a new design and evaluation through the numerical analysis of three new front wings for single-seater vehicles that comply with the regulations issued by the International Automobile Federation (FIA) for the 2022 season. Additionally, a 3D-printed front wing prototype was developed to be evaluated in an experimental study to corroborate the results obtained through computer simulations. A wind tunnel experiment test was performed to validate the numerically simulated data. Also, we developed a numerical simulation and characterization of three front wings already used in Formula One from a previous season (the end of the 2021 season). This work defined how these devices perform, and in the same way, it identified how their evolution over time has provided them with substantial benefits and greater efficiency. All the numerical simulations were carried out by applying the Finite Volume Method, allowing us to obtain the values of the aerodynamic forces that act on the front wing. Also, it was possible to establish a comparison between the three newly designed proposals from the most aerodynamic advantages to produce a prototype and perform an experimental test. The results of the experimental test showed similarity to those of the numerical analyses, making it clear that the methodology followed during the development of the work was correct. In addition, the mechanical designs carried out to develop the front wing can be considered ideal, because the results showed that the front wing could be competitive, and applying it caused a downforce to be favored that prevented the car from being thrown off the track. Additionally, the results indicate this is an effective proposal for use in a single-seater vehicle and that the design methodology delivers optimal results.

Las nuevas tecnologías computacionales y los avances en ingeniería han permitido desarrollar biomodelos numéricos para la simulación de sistemas biológicos (huesos). Estos modelos matemáticos permitirán realizar estudios más detallados para diagnosticar a tiempo afecciones (osteoporosis). La biomecánica se encarga de la descripción y estudio de los componentes mecánicos, además de encargarse del estudio, análisis y descripción de los movimientos del cuerpo humano. Con el diseño de biomodelos numéricos que tengan características que se asemejen a la estructura real del hueso y el uso de elementos finitos, los resultados serán muy cercanos a las condiciones reales del cuerpo humano. El análisis numérico utilizado para simular condiciones específicas es de gran ayuda para determinar tratamientos médicos o sustituir elementos biológicos por prótesis.

Este trabajo describe la evaluación analítica del Factor de Intensidad de Esfuerzo (SIF) para cuatro especímenes, sometidos a una tensión de 15 MPa y una longitud de grieta de 25 mm. Posteriormente, con ayuda del programa ANSY S® se realizan las simulaciones numéricas donde se obtiene el SIF, para los especímenes estudiados analíticamente. Adicionalmente, se muestran los campos de esfuerzos σx, σy, τxy, σMax, min y σVon Mises cercanos a la punta de la fisura. A continuación, se calcula el porcentaje de variación de los análisis antes realizados, con resultados positivos en todos los casos (< 0.4 %). Por lo que se puede aseverar que es confiable el uso del Método de Elementos Finitos (MEF) a través del programa ANSYS®, para la solución de problemas en fractura. Además, de que el trabajo numérico realizado puede proporcionar algunas pautas para mejorar la estimación del SIF en problemas bidimensionales.