The transmission of plant viruses from infected to healthy host plants is a process in which insects play a major role, using various transmission strategies. Environmental factors have an impact on the transmission of viruses and the subsequent development of infections or diseases. When viruses are successful, plant virus diseases can reach epidemic proportions. Many plants across different regions are vulnerable to viral infections transmitted by the whitefly vector. Begomoviruses, which are transmitted by whiteflies, represent a significant threat to agriculture worldwide. The review highlights the mechanisms of virus acquisition and transmission by whiteflies and explores the factors influencing these interactions. Understanding the impacts of these changes is crucial for managing the spread of pests and mitigating damage to crops. It underscores the need for continued research to elucidate the mechanisms driving plant–insect–virus interactions and to identify new approaches for sustainable pest management.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been widely used in daily life but they cause certain impacts on the environment due to their unique carbon–fluorine chemical bonds that are difficult to degrade in the environment. Toxicological studies on PFASs and their alternatives have mainly focused on vertebrates, while terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates have been studied to a lesser extent. As invertebrates at the bottom of the food chain play a crucial role in the whole ecological chain, it is necessary to investigate the toxicity of PFASs to invertebrates. In this paper, the progress of toxicological studies on PFASs and their alternatives in terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates is reviewed, and the accumulation of PFASs, their toxicity in invertebrates, as well as the neurotoxicity and toxicity to reproduction and development are summarized. This provides a reference to in-depth studies on the comprehensive assessment of the toxicity of PFASs and their alternatives, promotes further research on PFASs in invertebrates, and provides valuable recommendations for the use and regulation of alternatives to PFASs.

The red palm weevil (RPW) poses a significant threat to date palm ecosystems, highlighting the necessity of sustainable pest management strategies that carefully consider the delicate ecological balance within these environments. This comprehensive review delves into innovative approaches to sustainable pest management, specifically focusing on date palm, and seeks to unravel the intricate ecological dynamics underlying RPW infestations. We thoroughly analyze biocontrol methods, eco-friendly chemical interventions, and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, aiming to minimize the ecological impact while effectively addressing RPW infestations. By emphasizing the interplay of both living organisms (biotic) and environmental factors (abiotic) in shaping RPW dynamics, we advocate for a holistic and sustainable management approach that ensures the long-term resilience of date palm ecosystems. This review aims to contribute to an ecologically sound framework for pest management, promoting the sustainability and vitality of date palm ecosystems amidst the challenges posed by the RPW.

Keys to all levels of the subfamily Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) of Pakistan are provided based on published records and original data from recent research. Checklists to the genera and species of Deltocephalinae are also given. A total of 49 genera with more than 100 species are now known from Pakistan. Two new synonyms are proposed, i.e., Cicadulina striata Ahmed, 1986 a junior synonym of Cicadulina chinai Ghauri, 1965, syn. nov. and Macrosteles parafalcatus Naveed & Zhang, 2018 a new junior synonym of Macrosteles indrina (Pruthi, 1930), syn. nov.

The grassland leafhopper genus Maiestas Distant is reviewed from Pakistan with the description and illustrations of one new species, Maiestas sinuata Shah & Duan sp. n., and two new records, i.e., Maiestas maculata n. rec. and Maiestas trispinosa n. rec. A checklist of the known species of Maiestas from Pakistan is also given together with a key for their separation (males).

A review of the leafhopper tribe Deltocephalini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from Pakistan