Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Ulrey, 1894), popularly known as ‘Flag Tetra’ in English speaking countries, belongs to the genus Hyphessobrycon of the family Characidae, and is widely present in the eastern Amazon basin. Here, using Illumina sequencing, we report the complete mitogenome sequence of H. heterorhabdus. Overall, the mitogenome has 17,021 bp, containing 13 protein-coding, 22 tRNA, and 2 rRNA genes. Non-ambiguous nucleotide compositions of the H. heterorhabdus mitogenome are A: 29.2%, T: 29.4%, G: 15.6%, and C: 25.8%. As recently indicated, the phylogenetic analyses did not support four separate genera (Hemigrammus, Hyphessobrycon, Moenkhausia, and Psalidodon) of Characidae. Understanding the H. heterorhabdus mitogenome is important for taxonomic purposes as well as for the molecular characterization of environmental pollutants. Thus, the mitogenome described here will be a valuable resource for studies on environmental changes, evolutionary genetics, species delimitation, and phylogenetic analyses in Characidae.

The Xingu River has one of the most diverse fish faunas in the Amazon region. Loricariidae stands out as the most diverse family in the basin, comprising more than 60 species distributed over 26 genera. Species of Loricariidae are some of the most economically valued in the ornamental market worldwide. The loss of fishing environments in Altamira region due to dam impacts is driving a shift of ornamental fishing to areas upstream, among which are included the Xingu River and Iriri River Extractive Reserve Areas. Thus, the objective of this work was to inventory fish species with ornamental potential in these extractive reserves to serve as a baseline to help guide the future management of ornamental fishing in those areas. Thirty-two species of Loricariidae were collected in these reserves through either free diving or diving with compressed air. The composition of species varied according to the sampling method and area. The majority of species found in the reserves are also found in the impacted areas of Belo Monte near Altamira. The study areas showed high diversity of fish species in rapids environments, suggesting that this area could serve as an additional source of income for the residents of these reserves.

Considering the hypothesis that there is a relationship between morphology and the choice or feeding habit in anurans, our objective was to identify the food items present in the anurans' diet; verify the existence of a pattern in the diet of the anurans collected; and show the relationship between diet and species morphology. Sampling was carried out using an active search methodology carried out by three people, lasting approximately three hours per unit. For that work, only species that had an abundance equal to or greater than five individuals were considered. We identified dietary patterns in taxonomic groups and tested their significance, in addition to groupings by family, genus and species and the relationship between morphology and diet. 148 individuals were collected, belonging to 41 anuran species, 16 genera and nine families, 44 items were observed, highlighting the Formicidae family and Tadpoles, with shrimp and crab being the least frequently found items. We concluded that there was a relationship between morphology and diet, in addition to the formation of a guild of insectivorous anurans, indicating a greater frequency of Hymenoptera as a food resource, mainly composed of the genus Rhinella.

Wallacean shortfalls in knowledge about biodiversity, especially in the Amazon biome, can only be addressed by increasing sampling efforts in focal areas. The objective of this study was to describe the fish fauna of streams associated with four protected areas in the Eastern Amazon. These areas include the Tapajós (Parque Nacional da Amazônia, Parque Nacional do Jamanxim) and Trombetas drainages (Floresta Nacional Saracá-Taquera), and Tapajós/Xingu interfluve (Reserva Biológica Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo), state of Pará, Brazil. In the 99 stream reaches surveyed, 176 fish species were recorded. Almost a third of the species and specimens belong to the Characidae family, predominantly represented by small tetras (known as piabasor lambaris). One threatened species (Harttia dissidens) was registered. Of the total richness, 24 species were singletons and associated with specific habitats. The highest taxonomic distinctness was observed for Floresta Nacional Saracá-Taquera, while streams within the Parque Nacional da Amazônia exhibited the greatest taxonomic distinctness variation. Compared to existing records in scientific collections covering stream fish fauna in watersheds of up to 4,300 hectares in Pará, our study added the record of eight other genera and identified relevant areas for additional surveys.