Energy storage systems are essential in modern energy infrastructure, addressing efficiency, power quality, and reliability challenges in DC/AC power systems. Recognized for their indispensable role in ensuring grid stability and seamless integration with renewable energy sources. These storage systems prove crucial for aircraft, shipboard systems, and electric vehicles, addressing peak load demands economically while enhancing overall system reliability and efficiency. Recent advancements and research have focused on high-power storage technologies, including supercapacitors, superconducting magnetic energy storage, and flywheels, characterized by high-power density and rapid response, ideally suited for applications requiring rapid charging and discharging. Hybrid energy storage systems and multiple energy storage devices represent enhanced flexibility and resilience, making them increasingly attractive for diverse applications, including critical loads. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent technological advancements in high-power storage devices, including lithium-ion batteries, recognized for their high energy density. In addition, a summary of hybrid energy storage system applications in microgrids and scenarios involving critical and pulse loads is provided. The research further discusses power, energy, cost, life, and performance technologies.

Networked microgrids (NMGs) are developing as a viable approach for integrating an expanding number of distributed energy resources (DERs) while improving energy system performance. NMGs, as compared to typical power systems, are constructed of many linked microgrids that can function independently or as part of a more extensive network. This allows NMGs to be more flexible, dependable, and efficient. The present study comprehensively investigates architecture, communication, and cybersecurity issues in NMGs. This comprehensive study examines various aspects related to networked microgrids (NMGs). It explores the architecture of NMGs, including control techniques, protection, standards, and the challenges associated with their adoption. Additionally, it investigates communication in NMGs, focusing on the technologies, protocols, and the impact of communication on the functioning of these systems. Furthermore, this study addresses cybersecurity challenges specific to NMGs, such as diverse cyberattack types, detection and mitigation strategies, and the importance of awareness training. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for NMG researchers and practitioners, emphasizing critical aspects that must be considered to ensure the safe and efficient operation of these systems.

DC standalone microgrids are emerging as an effective solution for integrating renewable energy sources (RESs) and accommodating the widespread use of DC loads and energy storage systems (ESSs). However, the intermittent nature of RESs and the challenges posed by load requirements, such as pulsed power loads (PPLs), threaten MG stability and resiliency. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) control framework, integrating a battery energy storage system (BESS) and an Ultracapacitor (UC) designed to tackle high and low-frequency components in power demand for enhancing MG stability in diverse practical operational conditions. Key innovations include the first-time experimental validation of the HESS control scheme under variable PPL. A novel Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control (LADRC)-based voltage control scheme will be introduced. Simulation and experimental validation are conducted to test the proposed control scheme, showcasing superior performance in DC bus voltage regulation compared to traditional BESS-only systems under constant PPL. Moreover, under the most severe loading condition, the variable PPL, the proposed LADRC-based HESS control has demonstrated robust and resilient performance, outperforming both PI-based HESS control and BESS-only. This study advances resilient and reliable power systems by addressing the intricate challenges posed by constant and variable PPL in DC standalone microgrids, paving the way for sustainable energy solutions.

In the last few decades, due to pollution increasing, scientists try to optimize and encourage renewable energies unit production. Fuel cell is a energy of the future that provides a safe, efficient and clean electrical energy. This paper presents the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) static and dynamic model with the Perturb and Observe Maximum Power Point Tracker (P&O MPPT) method. Many advantages are considered to fuel cell, like low emissions, high efficiency, noiselessness and no vibration. The equivalent electrical circuit of the PEM fuel cell unit is developed and implemented in the software MATLAB/Simulink.

Multi-microgrids (MMGs) revolutionize integrating and managing diverse distributed energy resources (DERs), significantly enhancing the overall efficiency of energy systems. Unlike traditional power systems, MMGs comprise interconnected microgrids that operate independently or collaboratively. This innovative concept adeptly addresses challenges posed by pulsed load effects, capitalizing on the cooperative nature of interconnected microgrids. A coordinated MMG system effectively redistributes and shares the impact of pulsed loads, mitigating voltage fluctuations and ensuring sustained system stability. The proposed cooperative MMG scheme optimizes power distribution and load prioritization, facilitating the seamless allocation of surplus energy from neighboring microgrids to meet sudden surges in demand. This study focuses on DC standalone multi-microgrid systems, showcasing their inherent adaptability, resilience, and operational efficiency in managing pulse, variable, and unpredictable generation deficits. Several experiments on a laboratory-scale DC multi-microgrid validate the system’s robust performance. Notably, transient current fluctuations during pulse loads are promptly stabilized through the effective collaboration of microgrids. Variable load experiments reveal distinct behaviors, shedding light on the profound influence of control strategies. This research reveals the transformative potential of MMGs in addressing energy challenges, with a particular focus on DC standalone multi-microgrid systems. The findings underscore the adaptability and resilience of the proposed cooperative scheme, marking a significant stride in the evolution of modern power systems.

The control of energy storage systems (ESSs) within autonomous microgrids (MGs) is critical for ensuring stable and efficient operation, especially when incorporating renewable energy resources (RESs) such as photovoltaic (PV) systems. This paper addresses managing a standalone DC microgrid that combines PV generation and a battery energy storage system (BESS). We propose a hybrid control strategy that combines a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) with Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers to improve the performance of the bidirectional converter that connects the BESS to the microgrid. The RNN processes the voltage error and derivative into a reference current, which a PI controller refines to determine the best duty cycle for the converter’s switches. This hybrid control scheme provides superior adaptability and performance in various load conditions, including pulsed power load (PPL) demands. Simulation results show that the proposed control method exceeds traditional PI-PI control algorithms, particularly in improving the transient stability of the DC bus voltage and optimizing BESS performance. We conducted extensive hardware experiments to verify the robustness and effectiveness of the developed control algorithm. The experimental results confirmed the superior performance of the hybrid RNN-PI control scheme, demonstrating its ability to maintain system stability and efficiency across a wide range of real-world scenarios. This experimental validation reflects the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in improving microgrid operations.