Hereditary cancer syndromes account for nearly 10% of cancers even though they are often underdiagnosed. Finding a pathogenic gene variant could have dramatic implications in terms of pharmacologic treatments, tailored preventive programs, and familiar cascade testing. However, diagnosing a hereditary cancer syndrome could be challenging because of a lack of validated testing criteria or because of their suboptimal performance. In addition, many clinicians are not sufficiently well trained to identify and select patients that could benefit from a genetic test. Herein, we searched the available literature to comprehensively review and categorize hereditary cancer syndromes affecting adults with the aim of helping clinicians in their daily clinical practice through a visual tool.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The discovery of specific driver mutations has revolutionized the treatment landscape of oncogene-addicted NSCLC through targeted therapies, significantly improving patient outcomes. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated limited effectiveness in this context. Emerging evidence, though, reveals significant heterogeneity among different driver mutation subgroups, suggesting that certain patient subsets may benefit from ICIs, particularly when combined with other therapeutic modalities. In this review, we comprehensively examine the current evidence on the efficacy of immunotherapy in oncogene-addicted NSCLC. By analyzing recent clinical trials and preclinical studies, along with an overview of mechanisms that may reduce immunotherapy efficacy, we explored potential strategies to address these challenges, to provide insights that could optimize immunotherapy approaches and integrate them effectively into the treatment algorithm for oncogene-addicted NSCLC.