Отмечена возможность повышения продуктивности семян путем воздействия на них электромагнитного поля. Рассмотрены теоретические и практические предпосылки создания экспериментальной лабораторной установки для предпосевной обработки семян низкочастотным электромагнитным полем и достижения магнитобиологического эффекта. (Цель исследования) Изучить влияние низкочастотного электромагнитного поля на состав и свойства семян зерновых культур. (Материалы и методы) Применялись стандартные излучатели с вариативностью магнитной индукции 3-75 миллитесла, частотой излучения 1-100 Герц, обеспечивающие требуемые параметры воздействия на партию семян. (Результаты и обсуждение) Исследовали влияние магнитного воздействия на всхожесть, энергию прорастания, физико-химические свойства семян при варьировании параметров низкочастотного электромагнитного поля. Проведен анализ зависимости качества воздействия от параметров работы установки и массы семян различных зерновых культур от 10 до 500 г. На этой основе выбраны режимы и создана рабочая программа облучения, обеспечивающая высокую эффективность воздействия на показатели всхожести, прорастания и развития семян. (Выводы) Изучено влияние низкочастотного электромагнитного поля на состав и свойства зерна. Разработана экспериментальная лабораторная установка с источниками низкочастотного электромагнитного поля, обоснованы режимы излучения. Магнитобиологический эффект предпосевной обработки промышленной партии зависит от вида и сорта культуры, активации в клетке биологического комплекса, инициирующего развитие проростка, качества и влажности семян, наличия на поверхности микроорганизмов, в том числе патогенных, источников и энергетических параметров облучения. Определены параметры низкочастотного электромагнитного поля: магнитная индукция от 3 до 75 миллитесла, частота 10-16 Герц, масса семян от 10 до 500 граммов. Эти параметры будут использованы при создании промышленной установки для подготовки семенного материала и улучшения его посевных свойств.

For the efficient production and processing of milk, it is important to control its quality indicators. Optical spectroscopy, in combination with statistical analysis methods, can be a useful method of evaluation due to its speed, non-invasiveness, and relative cheapness. This investigation is aimed at studying of the interrelations of the spectral patterns, the absorption parameters, and the photoluminescence values of cow’s milk during its souring. The spectral characteristics of excitation and photoluminescence were measured on a diffraction spectrofluorometer in the range of 200–500 nm. For establishing an effective control procedure during milk souring, the most informative method is found to be the use of the excitation wavelengths of 232 nm, 322 nm, 385 nm and 442 nm. These ranges correspond to the amino acids of milk proteins, the fatty acids of milk fat, and the aromatic fragments of vitamins. When using the photoluminescence flux ratios Φ₂₃₂/Φ₃₂₂ and Φ₃₈₅/Φ₄₄₂, linearly approximated dependences on acidity can be obtained with determination coefficients of 0.88–0.94. The proposed photoluminescent method can be used as a non-destructive and fast-acting tool for monitoring the properties of milk during fermentation, as well as for the subsequent creation of a portable and inexpensive sensor based on this method.

Conditions of agricultural machinery operation necessitate improving the operational characteristics and service life of parts. Polymer composite materials, unlike metals, are not subject to corrosion and have a long service life. Research was conducted to determine the influence of the type and concentration of a diluent on the rheological and technological properties of epoxy composites intended for manufacturing the exterior parts of agricultural machinery. Special attention was paid to studying the effect of the diluent on the viscosity and microstructure formation of the composite. Epoxy resin ED20 was used as the polymer matrix, and the filler was an emulsion glass mat EMC450-1250-E. Two types of diluents were investigated: inactive (white spirit and solvent 646) and active (DEG-1). The viscosity of the mixtures was measured according to GOST 25276-82 using a rotational viscometer. The porosity of the composite was determined by a multi-parameter microscopy method. The authors studied the relationship between the viscosity of ED-20 epoxy resin and the addition of active and inactive diluents at 5, 10, and 15 wt.%. As a result of the research, the active diluent DEG-1 was selected. An analysis was conducted of the porosity in the composite material based on epoxy resin and glass mat with 5, 10, and 15 wt.% of the DEG-1 diluent. Experimental results showed that the introduction of DEG-1 significantly reduces the resin viscosity, facilitating better penetration into the fibers of the filler. The optimal concentration of the DEG-1 diluent was determined to be 10 wt.%, which provides a 60% reduction in resin viscosity, uniform distribution in the glass fiber matrix, and minimal porosity in the composite material (30 pores/cm²). For manufacturing polymer composites for exterior parts of agricultural machinery, it isrecommended to use the DEG-1 diluent at a concentration of 10 wt.%.

Experimental studies of steam and CO2-assited allothermal gasification of the original wet (moisture α=70%) and partly dried pig manure (PM) with α=45% and 15% are conducted on a laboratory-scale flow-through gasifier equipped with cyclones to capture fly ash particles. The high-temperature (~2000 °C) gasifying agent (GA) is generated by a pulsed-detonation gun operating on the stoichiometric natural gas (NG) – oxygen mixture. The dry off-gas obtained from the original wet PM typically contains 33–41 vol.% CO2, 34–40 vol.% CO, 17–22 vol.% H2, 2.5–4.0 vol.% CH4, and 0–2.5 vol.% CxHy with propane being the highest registered (less than 0.1%) hydrocarbon in CxHy, i.e., there is no tar as a gasification by-product. The reduction of feedstock moisture allows for reducing the yield of CO2 to 25% and increasing the yields of CO, H2, and CH4 to 45%, 25% and 5%, respectively. The size of solid residue particles taken from the cyclones ranges from 0.5 to 12 μm. The mass of solid residue is somewhat larger than the ash content in the dry PM due to the premature escape of partly gasified PM particles from the flow reactor. The results of experiments in terms of the off-gas temperature and composition agree satisfactorily with the results of thermodynamic calculations if one takes heat losses into account. In the existing version of the laboratory-scale setup, only about 33% of the thermal energy of the high-temperature GA is utilized for PM gasification, while the rest 67% is transferred to the coolant and environment. At these conditions, gasification of 1 kg of dry PM with the use of 1 kg of stoichiometric NG-oxygen mixture results in the production of 1.91 kg of combustible off-gas diluted with 25 vol.% CO2. To improve the energy efficiency of the gasification process, it is recommended to apply proper thermal insulation and heat recovery. To increase the yield of combustible gas, it is recommended to use the continuous supply of feedstock from a feeder and to improve mixing of PM and GA. To increase the carbon conversion efficiency, special measures must be taken to prevent premature entrainment of PM particles.