Background: The eruption of the first permanent molar (FPM) marks the beginning of the mixed dentition, which is one of the most dynamic periods in the development and growth of the stomatognathic system. Aim: The purpose of the study was to investigate the pathology of the first permanent molar (FPM) during the transition stage between the primary and permanent dentition. Materials and Methods: A literature search was performed in Clarivate Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases. Cohort and cross-sectional studies, reviews, case reports, background information, and expert opinion were included. Results: Ectopic eruption is one of the most frequent pathologies during the mixed dentition period, and ectopic eruption of the maxillary FPM is the most encountered. Hypomineralization is currently the most prevalent pathology of the hard dental tissue in FPM, often in association with the same type of damage on the incisors in the context of the so-called molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH). FPM particular vulnerability to caries is due to its posteruptive enamel maturation, which is accomplished during the mixed dentition stage. Conclusions: Proper clinical management of FPM pathology is a demanding task for the pediatric dentist and is of great importance for the development of a healthy permanent dentition and stable occlusion.

This study aims to synthesize contemporary evidence on the benefits, risks, and emerging options in menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), emphasizing the recent literature. A narrative review of peer-reviewed studies and guidelines (up to September 2025) from major databases (e.g., MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane) was conducted, with emphasis on the last five years and qualitative synthesis. MHT provides the most effective relief of vasomotor symptoms and is the first-line treatment for genitourinary syndrome of menopause, particularly with the use of low-dose local vaginal estrogen preparations; it also prevents early postmenopausal bone loss and reduces fractures in selected cases. Cardiovascular prevention is not an indication. Benefit–risk depends on timing, route, and dose. Initiation within 10 years of menopause as well as the use of transdermal estradiol at low–moderate doses are favored when cardiometabolic or thrombotic risk is salient. In contrast, oral regimens—particularly those using conjugated equine estrogens—are associated with higher risks of venous thromboembolism and stroke compared with transdermal 17 β-estradiol, and risk also varies by the type of progestogen used. Effects on breast cancer risks are regimen-specific: neutral to favorable with estrogen-alone after hysterectomy, but increasing with longer use of combined therapy. While the absolute risk of ovarian cancer remains small, evidence for colorectal cancer remains mixed. MHT confers modest improvements in sleep, mood, intercourse, and quality of life. Estetrol (E4) shows anti-VMS efficacy at the minimum effective oral dose and favorable pharmacology, but conclusive data on its long-term cardiovascular, thrombotic, and breast safety are pending. MHT should be individualized appropriately based on the patient, timing, route, dose, and choice of progestogen. The lowest effective dose should be used, alongside periodically reassessing the therapy as new evidence, including emerging data on E4, emerges.

Background/Objectives: Among the paranasal sinuses, the maxillary antrum holds unique clinical relevance due to its proximity to the alveolar process of the maxilla, which houses the teeth. This study aimed to evaluate the position of the root apices of the maxillary canines and posterior teeth relative to the maxillary sinus floor in Romanian subjects. Methods: Data for the study were retrospectively obtained from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. The evaluation considered the pattern of proximity to the sinus floor for each tooth type, comparisons of the sinus relationships of teeth within the same dental hemiarch, as well as those of homologous teeth, and variation in root-to-sinus distance in relation to sex and age. Nonparametric tests were used for statistical analysis, and multiple comparisons were performed using Bonferroni post hoc correction. Results: The study included 70 individuals aged 20 to 60 years. The distance to the sinus floor decreased progressively from the first premolar to the second molar, with median values of 3.68 mm (first premolar), 1.45 mm (second premolar), 0.50 mm (first molar), and 0.34 mm (second molar) (p < 0.01). Stronger correlations were observed between adjacent teeth than between non-adjacent ones. The distances to the sinus floor were greater on the right side compared to the left; however, these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05 for all teeth). Concordance between left and right dental hemiarches regarding the closest tooth to the sinus floor was found in 70% of cases (n = 49), most frequently involving the second molars (n = 38; 54.3%). On average, the distance from the sinus floor was smaller in males compared to females, with statistically significant differences observed only for the second molar. Increased age was associated with a greater distance to the sinus floor. Conclusions: Of all the teeth investigated, the second molar showed the highest combined prevalence of penetrating and tangential relationships with the maxillary sinus. At the dental hemiarch level, the second molar was most frequently the closest tooth to the sinus floor, and in the majority of cases, at least one posterior tooth was located within 0.3 mm. Accurate preoperative assessment of tooth position relative to the sinus floor is essential when performing non-surgical or surgical root canal therapy and extractions of maxillary molars and premolars. CBCT provides essential three-dimensional imaging that improves diagnostic precision and supports safer treatment planning for procedures involving the posterior maxilla.

(1) Background: Salvation surgery for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is exceptionally performed, and only a few cases are published. (2) Methods: There are 6 publications that present 17 cases of salvation surgery for SCLC—the salvation surgery was performed in the context of modern clearly established protocols for SCLC and after including SCLC in the TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) staging in 2010. (3) Results: After a median follow-up of 29 months, the estimated overall survival (OS) was 86 months. The median estimated 2-year survival was 92%, and the median estimated 5-year survival was 66%. (4) Conclusion: Salvage surgery for SCLC is a relatively new and extremely uncommon concept and represents an alternative to second-line chemotherapy. It is valuable because it may offer a reasonable treatment for selected patients, good local control, and a favorable survival outcome.

Background/Objectives: Accurate three-dimensional (3D) facial scanning is increasingly important in digital dentistry for diagnosis, treatment planning, and virtual patient creation. Multiple facial scanning technologies are available; however, their metric reliability varies depending on acquisition principles and anatomical orientation. This study aimed to evaluate the trueness, orientation-dependent performance (vertical midline versus horizontal facial measurements), and scanning time of four facial scanning technologies using calibrated manual anthropometry as the reference standard. Methods: Thirty dentate adult participants received adhesive fiducial markers on five predefined facial landmarks. Four linear facial distances were measured clinically using a digital caliper and compared with corresponding measurements obtained from standardized 3D facial scans. Digital measurements were extracted following uniform metric normalization. Inter-examiner reliability, measurement trueness, orientation-related differences, and scanning time were analyzed. Results: Inter-examiner reliability was excellent for both clinical and digital measurements (ICC > 0.93). All facial scanning technologies significantly overestimated manual distances (p < 0.001). The structured-light scanning system showed the smallest deviations (typically <1 mm) and the highest overall accuracy, followed by the depth-fusion system, while photogrammetry-based and NeRF-based approaches demonstrated larger errors, frequently exceeding 2–3 mm. Horizontal facial distances consistently showed greater deviations than vertical midline measurements across all systems. Scanning time differed significantly between technologies, with passive image-based approaches being the fastest and NeRF-based acquisition requiring the longest capture time. Conclusions: Active structured-light facial scanning demonstrated the highest trueness for linear facial anthropometry, whereas passive photogrammetry and NeRF-based approaches showed lower metric trueness and are currently more suitable for educational applications.

Background and Objectives: Due to the evolution of cataract surgery into a refractive procedure in which optimizing visual quality extends beyond achieving good visual acuity, high-order aberrations have been increasingly recognized as important contributors to postoperative visual performance. This scoping review aims to map and synthesize the available evidence on higher-order aberrations in the context of cataract surgery, with a focus on the surgical techniques, intraocular lens (IOL) design, measurement factors, and their association with the visual outcomes. Materials and Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A search of electronic databases was performed using a predefined Boolean strategy, complemented by a manual screening of reference lists and independent searches. Studies evaluating higher-order aberrations (HOAs) before and/or after cataract surgery were included. Data were charted descriptively, and findings were synthesized narratively. Results: A total of 94 studies were included. The evidence shows that differences in HOA profiles are based on the surgical techniques, IOL designs (monofocal, multifocal, toric, and extended depth-of-focus), and measurement devices. Increased HOAs were frequently associated with reduced contrast sensitivity, especially under mesopic conditions. Tear-film instability and pupil size were additional factors contributing to dynamic changes in wavefront aberrations. Considerable methodological heterogeneity was observed across studies. Conclusions: The current body of evidence suggests a strong connection between corneal characteristics, IOL design, surgical techniques, patient-specific factors, and postoperative visual quality. HOAs play an important but not an exclusive role. Future research should focus on standardized measurement approaches, population-specific optical considerations, and personalized strategies to optimize visual quality after cataract surgery.