The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pes planus level on counter movement jump (CMJ) performance parameters in amateur female and male volleyball players. In this context, amateur volleyball players aged between 18 and 23 years actively playing in the university school volleyball team were included in the study. Pes planus levels of the participants were analyzed using the navicular drop test (NDT). My Jump Lab application was used for CMJ measurement. Within the scope of CMJ, the participants’ jump height, force, relative force, power, relative power, average speed, take-off speed, impulse, and flying time were analyzed. According to the linear regression results between NDT and CMJ parameters, force in males (t = 12.93, P = .049) and average speed in females (t = −3.52, P = .017) were significantly associated with NDT. NDT was similar in men and women (P > .05). However, all CMJ parameters were highly different between genders (P < .001). In the correlation analysis between sport age and physical characteristics and CMJ parameters; height (r = .386, P = .046), weight (r = .569, P = .002), leg length (r = .389, P = .045), foot length (r =. 558, P = .005), foot width (r = .478, P = .018), force (r = .407, P = .039), impulse (r = .460, P = .018) parameters, and sport age. The results suggest that the average speed in females and force in males both significantly influenced NDT, highlighting the significance of both factors in predicting NDT scores. Moreover, all CMJ measures showed significant variations between genders, although the NDT scores did not. Furthermore, the correlation analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between a number of physical attributes and CMJ parameters, highlighting the multifaceted nature of athletic performance and indicating the possible impact of these attributes on CMJ results.

Background and Objectives: Volleyball demands high levels of anaerobic strength, flexibility, agility, and mental focus. Adequate sleep has been shown to enhance athletic performance and cognitive function. This study investigates the impact of post-lunch naps of varying durations (25 and 45 min) on the physiological performance and cognitive focus of elite volleyball players. Materials and Methods: Sixteen elite volleyball players (8 male, 8 female) with at least 7 years of competitive experience participated in a randomized crossover study. They underwent three experimental conditions: no nap (No-Nap), a 25-min nap (N25), and a 45-min nap (N45). Physical performance was measured through counter-movement jumps (CMJ) and volleyball agility tests, while cognitive function was assessed using the D2 attention test. Statistical analysis included repeated measures ANOVA to examine the differences between nap conditions and gender-specific responses. Results: Significant improvements in both physical performance and cognitive focus were observed in the N25 and N45 conditions compared to the No-Nap condition (indicating the effectiveness of short naps in enhancing both physical and mental performance). Males outperformed females in most physical metrics, while females scored higher on the D2 attention test (suggesting possible gender-specific responses to napping). The 25-min nap showed slightly better results in terms of sleep quality and subsequent performance (confirming that shorter naps may be more beneficial). Conclusions: Post-lunch naps, especially of 25 or 45 min, enhance both physiological and cognitive performance in elite volleyball players. These findings suggest that integrating short naps into athletes’ training regimens can improve performance and focus, with potential gender-specific benefits. Further research is needed to explore long-term effects and variations across other sports.

Background: The implementation of integrated learning models in physical education (PE) increased significantly, but there were limited sources which applied teaching games for understanding-sports education (TGfU-SE) to improve learning engagement (LE) and game performance (GP) among students at university level. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of TGfU-SE towards LE and GP among students for 12 weeks. Methods: A true experimental study with a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design for 12 weeks was adopted in this study. Participants were 54 students from Physical Education and Recreation Health at Singaperbangsa University Karawang (Indonesia) who were equally allocated into experimental (TGfU-SE, n = 27, 18.4 ± 0.88 year) and control groups (TGfU, n = 27, 19.0 ± 1.06 year). The self-report scales Utrecht Work Engagement Scale for Students and the Game Performance Assessment Instrument were used. Student's t Paired Samples T-Test and 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA test were used to analyze the data. Results: The results of this study show that the TGfU-SE model had a greater effect on increasing LE (p < 0.05) and GP (p < 0.05) compared to the TGfU model. Repeated measures ANOVA shows a significant effect of time, teaching and interaction time x teaching in LE and GP (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We highlight the benefit in implementing TGfU-SE for 12 weeks which induce a positive improvement in all components of LE and GP

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different tension loads in post-activation potentiation protocols on agility and vertical jump performance across different times of day in trained judokas, addressing a significant gap in understanding the interaction between diurnal variations and post-activation potentiation protocol responses in combat sports. Materials and Methods: Seventeen male judokas (age: 21.41 ± 1.37 years) with ≥2 years of training experience participated in the study. Participants completed three different protocols: specific warm-up, the 80% post-activation potentiation protocol, and the 100% post-activation potentiation protocol, performed both in the morning (09:00–11:00) and evening (17:00–19:00) sessions. Performance was assessed using the Illinois Agility Test and countermovement jump. Protocols were randomized and counterbalanced over a 3-week period, with a minimum 48 h recovery between sessions. Statistical analysis employed repeated measures ANOVA (3 × 2) with Greenhouse–Geisser corrections. Results: Significant differences were observed in both protocols and time interactions for agility (F = 41.691, ηp² = 0.864, p < 0.001; F = 23.893, ηp² = 0.123, p < 0.001) and countermovement jump performance (F = 7.471, ηp² = 0.410, p = 0.002; F = 38.651, ηp² = 0.530, p < 0.001). The 80% post-activation potentiation protocol demonstrated superior performance outcomes compared to both specific warm-up and 100% post-activation potentiation protocols. Evening performances were generally better than morning performances for both agility and countermovement jump; however, the protocols/time interaction was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The 80% post-activation potentiation protocol was most effective for enhancing both agility and vertical jump performance in judokas, with superior results observed during evening sessions. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing warm-up strategies in judo competition, suggesting that lower-intensity post-activation potentiation protocols might be more beneficial than maximal loading, particularly during evening competitions.

The aim of this study was to examine the factors affecting the shuttle walking test (SWT) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A total of 29 patients with COPD (the COPD group) and a healthy group (HG) of 34 women aged between 55 and 74 years were included in the study. After the pulmonary function profiles of the participants were assessed, and the SWT was performed. Walking distances, walking speeds, and SWT levels (SWT-L) were determined with the SWT. Before and after the SWT, the heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation level (SPO₂), and Borg scale (perceived exertion (BSe) and dyspnea (BSd)) results were analyzed with a paired sample t-test. The dyspnea levels during activity of daily living were determined with the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale, and the relationship between MRC dyspnea (MRCD) and walking distance, speed, and SWT-L was tested using multiple linear regression and Pearson correlation analysis. The walking distance, speed, and SWT-L were lower in the COPD group (p < 0.001) than in the HG. The HR values before and after the SWT changed significantly in the COPD group and the HG (p< 0.001), and the effect size was higher in the COPD group. Although the BSe and BSd results before and after the SWT in the COPD group increased significantly (p < 0.001), they did not change in the HG. There was a highly negative correlation between MRCD and walking distance, speed, and SWT-L in the COPD group (p = 0.002, p = 0.000, and p = 0.001, respectively), but no correlation was found in the HG. The results showed that the HR, perceived exertion, and dyspnea levels of women with COPD whose respiratory functions were lower than the HG were significantly affected on the SWT.

This study aims to investigate the effect of using augmented reality (AR) on increasing the level of grit and learning satisfaction among student-athletes. We adopted mixed-methods sequential explanatory design. A total of 40 student-athletes, participants were allocated into control group (CG, n = 20), and experiment group (AR, n = 20). The results of quantitative research based on the Paired sample t-test show that there are significant pre- and post-test differences in CG (p < 0.050, and AR (p < 0.05) in grit and satisfaction. At the same time, the results of 2-Way ANOVA show that there is an effect of time on the variables grit (CoI [p < .001, η²p = 0.810], PoE [p < .001, η²p = 0.837] and satisfaction (TaI [p < .001 , η²p = 0.812], PT [p < .001, η²p = 0.726], TP [p < .001, η²p = 0.649 ], IP [p < .001, η²p = 0.796], there is a group effect on the grit variable (CoI [p < .001, η²p = 0.488], PoE [p < .001, η²p = 0.451] and satisfaction (TaI [p = 0.025, η²p = 0.126], PT [p = 0.011, η²p = 0.159], IP [ p = 0.048, η²p = 0.099], but not found in the TP variable (p = 0.079, η²p = 0.079), and there was an interaction between grit (CoI [p < .001, η²p = 0.707], PoE [p < .001, η²p = 0.718], and satisfaction (TaI [p = 0.031, η²p = 0.117], but there was no interaction on PT [p = 0.113, η²p = 0.065 ], TP [p = 0.638, η²p = 0.006], IP [p = 0.565, η²p = 0.009]. While qualitative findings showed that student-athletes argued that AR has an advantage to create an interactive, interesting, and easy to use learning program to learn various skills in sports. Based on quantitative and qualitative research findings we conclude that integrated AR in PE is a powerful way to increase aspects of grit and learning satisfaction among student-athletes. Keywords: Technology teaching; Grit, Learning satisfaction, Physical education