The thermal decomposition of an ammonium dinitramide-based energetic compound was conducted for the first time using a dispersive inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, DTA-TG analysis, and pyrolysis at a constant temperature. A liquid droplet was injected over synthesized CuO catalytic particles deposited on lanthanum oxide-doped alumina. The thermal behavior of the ADN liquid monopropellant revealed that decomposition in the presence of catalytic particles occurs in two distinct steps, with the majority of ejected gases being detected in real-time analysis using the DIP-MS technique. At a temperature of 280 °C, pyrolysis confirmed the catalytic decomposition behavior of ADN, which occurred in two distinct steps.

Binary hydroxyl ammonium nitrate (HAN) aqueous mixtures have been prepared. Four series of ternary mixtures have been synthesized with methanol and ethanol as fuels: two series with HAN excess and two other series with stoichiometric fuel contents. Thermal and catalytic decomposition of the prepared solutions have been analyzed. For binary HAN solutions, the thermal decomposition starts only once water has been fully vaporized and the oxidizer is in the liquid state. The influence of the fuel depends strongly on the oxidizer. Methanol and ethanol are vaporized before the decomposition, leading to results close to those observed for binary mixtures. HAN and HAN-fuel-based solutions display the highest catalytic effect with a temperature decrease of about 100° C.

In this study, we present another approach to fabricating high-performance supercapacitor electrodes by combining activated carbon particles with carbon nanotubes (AC/CNT). We synthesized activated carbon from diverse biomass sources using a carbonization process and chemical activation with KOH. By incorporating carbon nanotubes, we significantly augmented the electrode’s surface area, resulting in exceptional ion transport and a substantial increase in specific capacitance. Our investigation reveals that the optimized composition, 85:10:5 of AC, CNT, and conductive additive, achieved outstanding specific capacitance values, notably 125.6 F g⁻¹ at 1 mV s⁻¹ and 118 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹, along with a maximum energy density of 4 Wh kg⁻¹. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) further demonstrated the superior charge transfer capabilities of these electrodes, notably at a frequency range from 100 kHz to 10 mHz. Additionally, our research highlights the influence of different biomass precursors, such as apricot kernels, walnut shells, and rice husks, on the electrochemical behavior of these electrodes. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the development of high-performance supercapacitors, emphasizing the potential of diverse biomass sources in optimizing electrode materials.

Hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN), as a tentative candidate to replace hydrazine, has been extensively studied by several research groups. Indeed, studies of its thermal decomposition in liquid state have been performed via online and real-time analysis. Advanced thermal analysis has been carried out using the direct insertion probe-mass spectrometry (DIP-MS) technique with higher temperature ramp of 128°C min^-1. A pyrolizer was used to decompose the HAN solution at 280°C, and the detected gases were analyzed online. On the other hand, the theoretical aspects have completed the experimental data by using the differential function theory (DFT) to explain the thermal decomposition mechanism at the gas and liquid phases of HAN base, and to see the effect of water as a solvent on HAN reactivity and the energy diagrams.

This review provides a state-of-the-art and up-to-date analysis of the design and development of green monopropellant thrusters based on hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and hydroxyl ammonium nitrate (HAN) as high-energy compounds for reaction control maneuvering of satellites. In summary, we introduce the new concept of Green Liquid Propellants (GLPs) that can serve as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional hydrazine thrusters. GLPs offer several advantages, including low toxicity, acceptable thermal decomposition and combustion behaviors, low onset temperatures of decomposition, stability, and long-term storability, compared to hydrazine. H₂O₂ exhibits a low onset temperature; however, its storability does not match that of hydrazine. On the other hand, HAN boasts excellent storability; however, it comes with a higher onset temperature when compared to hydrazine. This review provides critical insights into the recent advancements in H₂O₂ and HAN thrusters, along with an examination of the corresponding catalysts. The focus is on their application for the long-term maneuvering of satellites. We have chosen H₂O₂ and HAN formulations to focus on these two GLPs due to their extensive use by various space agencies worldwide. Moreover, the future directives of both selected green propellants were discussed for potential applications. Finally, the choice between H₂O₂ and HAN depends on the specific requirements of the propulsion system, taking into account factors such as performance, environmental impact, safety, and operational considerations. Each propellant has its advantages and challenges, and ongoing research aims to address some of the limitations associated with these green propellants.

The thermal decomposition of hydroxylamine nitrate (HAN) 95% water solution, a “green” alternative of fuel/oxidizer formulation to hydrazine nitrate, as a rocket propellant in the presence of the high-specific surface area (SSA)-activated carbons was investigated. It was shown that the linear burning rate increased for the system of HAN 95% water solution admixed with activated carbons compared to that of the 95% water solution HAN alone. Also, decomposition of the mixture (HAN spiked with rice husk (RH)-derived activated carbons by 1 mass %) was monitored by electron ionization–mass spectrometry (EI–MS) at different heating rates (from 16 to 128 K/min). EI MS analysis of the formation of major gas products (NO, NO₂ and N₂O) at the HAN decomposition in presence carbon particles shown various results.