The increasing need for food and agricultural resources necessitates using pesticides to protect plants, but this approach also poses pesticide poisoning and environmental hazards.

In this study, we have prepared anatase titanium (IV) oxide warped reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (TiO ₂ -rGO NC) using ultrasonic methodology. The morphology of the TiO ₂ -rGO NC was studied using FESEM and TEM. In addition, XRD, Raman, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and XPS are used to analyze the crystallinity and chemical composition of the TiO ₂ -rGO NC. We have also investigated the electrochemical behavior of the as-prepared NCs with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and different pulse voltammetry techniques (DPV). The TiO ₂ -rGO NC modified electrode shows the lower charge transfer resistance (R _ct ) of 62.87 Ω. Next, the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with sonochemically prepared TiO ₂ -rGO NC and used to determine the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrofurazone (NTF). Thus, the proposed sensor established the wider covering range (WCR) of 0.01 to 380 µ M and an excellent detection limit of 2.28 nM. Finally, the TiO ₂ -rGO NC/GCE was applied to determine the NTF in real samples, including crayfish and human blood serum samples, which acquired good found and recovery values.

The p-n junction (Ni/Zn)O and its reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites ((Ni/Zn)O@rGO) has been synthesized through the hydrothermal method and used for effective electrochemical determination analgesic drug acetaminophen (AAP). In addition, the XRD characteristic peak and Raman modes confirm the formation of a p-n junction (Ni/Zn)O@rGO nanocomposites. The morphology of the as-prepared nanocomposites exposes nano-sized spherical particles that were well decorated on the rGO sheets, which results in a larger surface area. Further, the incorporation rGO and (Ni/Zn)O induced the catalytic properties and electrochemical performance. The electrochemical characterization of AAP was investigated at ((Ni/Zn)O@rGO/GCE) glass carbon electrode and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were adopted for the quantitative analysis of AAP. As a result, the prepared nanocomposite possessed great sensitivity, selectivity and stability. Further, the prepared sensor shows the wider linear range of 0.009–0.096 μ M and 0.096–413 μ M with a very low detection limit of 2.2 nM. Moreover, the practical applicability of the prepared sensor was tested in the pharmaceutical and human urine samples. Also, the developed method would widen the application of nanocomposites materials in the fabrications of more novel electrochemical sensing platforms.