The utility of histological grading, which is useful in predicting prognosis in many tumors, is controversial for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Therefore, new histopathological parameters should be added to histopathology reports of OSCCs. The study aimed to evaluate the parameters of worst invasion pattern (WPOI) and tumor budding in patients with OSCC, to compare them with other histopathological parameters, clinical data and overall survival, and to evaluate these results within the literature. A total of 73 OSCC cases with excisional biopsies were included in this study. WPOI, tumor budding, cell nest size, tumor-stroma ratio, stromal lymphocyte infiltration and stroma type, as well as classical histopathological parameters, were evaluated on hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections. Perineural invasion, lymph node metastases, advanced stage, presence of more than five buds and single cell invasion pattern in univariate survival analyses are characterized by a shortened overall survival time. While there was no significant difference between WPOI results and survival in the survival analysis, WPOI 5 was associated with more frequent lymph node metastasis and advanced stage at the time of diagnosis compared to WPOI 4. We concluded that tumor budding and single-cell invasion should be considered prognostic histopathologic parameters in OSCC.

The prognosis of laryngeal cancer is affected by clinicopathological factors. Because of that, an effective prognostic marker is very valuable in managing the clinical process. The p53 evaluation method, used in the literature recently, was used for the first time in laryngeal cancer. We evaluated PTEN with 2 methods with the highest significance in the literature on laryngeal cancer. All demographic and histopathological data from 140 laryngeal cancers were compared with p53 and PTEN expressions and survival. p53 staining patterns were classified as wild and mutant. PTEN expression was evaluated according to the staining intensity named PTEN1 and according to the proportion of stained cells named PTEN2. In the series, 93.6% were males, and the mean survival was 38 months. 69.3% of cases were p53 mutants. PTEN loss was found to be 85.7% and 57.9%, respectively. Tumor size and thyroid cartilage invasion for PTEN1 and age for p53 were identified as independent predictive factors (P < .01). Advanced age, total laryngectomy, and extranodal spread were independent poor prognostic factors for overall survival and the presence of subglottic involvement, perineural invasion, and extranodal spread were for disease-free survival (P < .01). This is the first study in which the new p53 classification was used in laryngeal cancer, and will contribute significantly to the literature with differences from the previous evaluation patterns. Evaluation of PTEN based on staining intensity is more appropriate compared to the percentage of stained cells.

Background: Alternative immune checkpoints such as lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing-3 (TIM-3), and V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) have emerged as potential modulators of tumor immune escape. However, their expression patterns and prognostic significance in advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to evaluate LAG-3, TIM-3, and VISTA expression on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), examine their association with CD8+ TIL density and clinicopathological features, and determine their impact on survival outcomes. Methods: In this retrospective observational cohort study, 132 patients who underwent total or partial laryngectomy for stage III–IV LSCC were included. Tissue microarrays were constructed using three 2 mm cores per case. Immunohistochemical expression of LAG-3, TIM-3, VISTA, and CD8 was assessed exclusively on TILs. Survival outcomes were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. Results: LAG-3, TIM-3, and VISTA positivity rates were 26.5%, 51.5%, and 53.8%, respectively. High CD8+ TIL density was observed in 69.7% of cases. Significant positive correlations were identified among checkpoint markers (all p < 0.05); VISTA positivity did not significantly correlate with CD8 infiltration (r = 0.149, p = 0.088). LAG-3 positivity was associated with lower thyroid cartilage invasion (p = 0.006). Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated no significant differences in overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) according to checkpoint expression or CD8 status. In multivariable analysis, extranodal extension (HR = 2.719, p = 0.005) and thyroid cartilage invasion (HR = 1.970, p = 0.043) were independent predictors of worse OS. CD8 negativity showed a trend toward adverse OS (HR = 1.825, p = 0.084). None of the immune markers independently predicted DFS. Conclusions: In advanced surgically treated LSCC, LAG-3, TIM-3, and VISTA expression correlate with CD8+ TIL density but do not independently predict survival outcomes. These findings suggest that alternative immune checkpoint expression reflects immune engagement rather than intrinsic tumor aggressiveness and may hold greater predictive than prognostic relevance in LSCC.

Amaç Tiroid nodüllerinin tanısında kullanılan tek yöntem olan ince iğne aspirasyonunu değerlendirmede en yaygın kullanılan sistem Bethesda sistemidir. Semptomatik ve asemptomatik nodüllere uygulanan ince iğne aspirasyonunun yeterliliği hastanın uygun takip ve tedavisi için önemlidir. Çalışmanın amacı tiroid nodüllerinden yapılan aspirasyonlarda hazırlanan preparat sayısı ve aynı anda örneklenen nodül sayısı ile tanısal yeterlilik arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem 3747 olguya ait 5092 ince iğne aspirasyonu çalışmaya alındı. Olguların yaş ve cinsiyeti, nodül çapı, nodül başına örneklenen preparat sayısı, aynı seansta örneklenen nodül sayısı ve tüm nodüllerin tanıları not edildi. Preparat sayısı ve örneklenen nodül sayısı parametreleri kategorize edilerek tanı ile arasındaki ilişkiye bakıldı. Tüm veriler SPSS 20 programı kullanılarak analiz edildi. Bulgular İnce iğne aspirasyonlarının 3929’u (%77,2) kadın, 1163’ü (%22,8) erkek hastalardan yapılmıştı ve yaş ortalaması 52,3 (11-93 yaş) idi. Tek preparat ile incelenmiş aspirasyonlarda tanısallık oranı multipl preparat ile incelenenlere göre daha düşük idi (p=0,001). Multipl preparat ile incelenenlerde kuşkulu grup ve malign tanıları daha fazlaydı, tek preparat incelenenlerde ise benign tanı oranı daha yüksek idi (p=0,013). Tanı kategorilerine bakıldığında ise multipl nodülden yapılan aspirasyonlarda benign tanılar daha fazlayken, tek nodül aspirasyonlarında kuşkulu ve malign tanı daha fazla idi. Sonuç Aspirasyon yapılan nodülün ultrasonografik özellikleri ve yapılan işlemin doğruluğu tanıyı doğrudan etkilemektedir. Nodülden yapılan aspirasyonlarda nodülün birkaç alanından aspirasyon yapılması ve aspirasyonların tek preparata kıyasla iki ya da daha fazla preparat ile hazırlanmasının hem tanısallığı artırmak hem de kuşkulu ve malign tanı olasılığını artırmak için önemli olduğu sonucuna varıldı.