This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.
Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; Sina Bavari; Martin Beer; Nicolas Bejerman; Andrew J. Bennett; Dennis A. Bente; Éric Bergeron; Brian H. Bird; Carol D. Blair; Kim R. Blasdell; Dag-Ragnar Blystad; Jamie Bojko; Wayne B. Borth; Steven Bradfute; Rachel Breyta; Thomas Briese; Paul A. Brown; Judith K. Brown; Ursula J. Buchholz; Michael J. Buchmeier; Alexander Bukreyev; Felicity Burt; Carmen Büttner; Charles H. Calisher; Mengji Cao; Inmaculada Casas; Kartik Chandran; Rémi N. Charrel; Qi Cheng; Yuya Chiaki; Marco Chiapello; Il-Ryong Choi; Marina Ciuffo; J. Christopher S. Clegg; Ian Crozier; Elena Dal Bó; Juan Carlos de la Torre; Xavier de Lamballerie; Rik L. de Swart; Humberto Debat; Nolwenn M. Dheilly; Emiliano Di Cicco; Nicholas Di Paola; Francesco Di Serio; Ralf G. Dietzgen; Michele Digiaro; Olga Dolnik; Michael A. Drebot; J. Felix Drexler; William G. Dundon; W. Paul Duprex; Ralf Dürrwald; John M. Dye; Andrew J. Easton; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Koray Ergünay; Hugh W. Ferguson; Anthony R. Fooks; Marco Forgia; Pierre B. H. Formenty; Jana Fránová; Juliana Freitas-Astúa; Jingjing Fu; Stephanie Fürl; Selma Gago-Zachert; George Fú Gāo; María Laura García; Adolfo García-Sastre; Aura R. Garrison; Thomas Gaskin; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Anthony Griffiths; Tony L. Goldberg; Martin H. Groschup; Stephan Günther; Roy A. Hall; John Hammond; Tong Han; Jussi Hepojoki; Roger Hewson; Jiang Hong; Ni Hong; Seiji Hongo; Masayuki Horie; John S. Hu; Tao Hu; Holly R. Hughes; Florian Hüttner; Timothy H. Hyndman; M. Ilyas; Risto Jalkanen; Dàohóng Jiāng; Gilda B. Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Fujio Kadono; Karia H. Kaukinen; Michael Kawate; Boris Klempa; Jonas Klingström; Gary Kobinger; Igor Koloniuk; Hideki Kondō; Eugene V. Koonin; Mart Krupovic; Kenji Kubota; Gael Kurath; Lies Laenen; Amy J. Lambert; Stanley L. Langevin; Benhur Lee; Elliot J. Lefkowitz; Eric M. Leroy; Shaorong Li; Longhui Li; Jiànróng Lǐ; Huazhen Liu; Igor S. Lukashevich; Piet Maes; William Marciel de Souza; Marco Marklewitz; Sergio H. Marshall; Shin-Yi L. Marzano; Sebastien Massart; John W. McCauley; Michael Melzer; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Kristina M. Miller; Tobi J. Ming; Ali Mirazimi; Gideon J. Mordecai; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Elke Mühlberger; Rayapati Naidu; Tomohide Natsuaki; José A. Navarro; Sergey V. Netesov; Gabriele Neumann; Norbert Nowotny; Márcio R. T. Nunes; Alejandro Olmedo-Velarde; Gustavo Palacios; Vicente Pallás; Bernadett Pályi; Anna Papa; Sofia Paraskevopoulou; Adam C. Park; Colin R. Parrish; David A. Patterson; Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa; Janusz T. Pawęska; Susan Payne; Carlotta Peracchio; Daniel R. Pérez; Thomas S. Postler; Liying Qi; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Renato O. Resende; Carina A. Reyes; Bertus K. Rima; Gabriel Robles Luna; Víctor Romanowski; Paul Rota; Dennis Rubbenstroth; Luisa Rubino; Jonathan A. Runstadler; Sead Sabanadzovic; Amadou Alpha Sall; Maria S. Salvato; Rosemary Sang; Takahide Sasaya; Angela D. Schulze; Martin Schwemmle; Mang Shi; Xiǎohóng Shí; Zhènglì Shí; Yoshifumi Shimomoto; Yukio Shirako; Stuart G. Siddell; Peter Simmonds; Manuela Sironi; Guy Smagghe; Sophie Smither; Jin-Won Song; Kirsten Spann; Jessica R. Spengler; Mark D. Stenglein; David M. Stone; Jari Sugano; Curtis A. Suttle; Amy Tabata; Ayato Takada; Shigeharu Takeuchi; David P. Tchouassi; Amy Teffer; Robert B. Tesh; Natalie J. Thornburg; Yasuhiro Tomitaka; Keizō Tomonaga; Noël Tordo; Baldwyn Torto; Jonathan S. Towner; Shinya Tsuda; Changchun Tu; Massimo Turina; Ioannis E. Tzanetakis; Janice Uchida; Tomio Usugi; Anna Maria Vaira; Marta Vallino; Bernadette Van Den Hoogen; Arvind Varsani; Nikos Vasilakis; Martin Verbeek; Susanne von Bargen; Jiro Wada; Victoria Wahl; Peter J. Walker; Lin-Fa Wang; Guoping Wang; Yanxiang Wang; Yaqin Wang; Muhammad Waqas; Tàiyún Wèi; Shaohua Wen; Anna E. Whitfield; John V. Williams; Yuri I. Wolf; Jiangxiang Wu; Lei Xu; Hironobu Yanagisawa; Caixia Yang; Zuokun Yang; F. Murilo Zerbini; Lifeng Zhai; Yong-Zhen Zhang; Song Zhang; Jinguo Zhang; Zhe Zhang; Xueping Zhou. 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Archives of Virology 2021, 1 -54.
AMA StyleJens H. Kuhn, Scott Adkins, Bernard R. Agwanda, Rim Al Kubrusli, Sergey V. Alkhovsky, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Tatjana Avšič-Županc, María A. Ayllón, Justin Bahl, Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Matthew J. Ballinger, Christopher F. Basler, Sina Bavari, Martin Beer, Nicolas Bejerman, Andrew J. Bennett, Dennis A. Bente, Éric Bergeron, Brian H. Bird, Carol D. Blair, Kim R. Blasdell, Dag-Ragnar Blystad, Jamie Bojko, Wayne B. Borth, Steven Bradfute, Rachel Breyta, Thomas Briese, Paul A. Brown, Judith K. Brown, Ursula J. Buchholz, Michael J. Buchmeier, Alexander Bukreyev, Felicity Burt, Carmen Büttner, Charles H. Calisher, Mengji Cao, Inmaculada Casas, Kartik Chandran, Rémi N. Charrel, Qi Cheng, Yuya Chiaki, Marco Chiapello, Il-Ryong Choi, Marina Ciuffo, J. Christopher S. Clegg, Ian Crozier, Elena Dal Bó, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Xavier de Lamballerie, Rik L. de Swart, Humberto Debat, Nolwenn M. Dheilly, Emiliano Di Cicco, Nicholas Di Paola, Francesco Di Serio, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Michele Digiaro, Olga Dolnik, Michael A. Drebot, J. Felix Drexler, William G. Dundon, W. Paul Duprex, Ralf Dürrwald, John M. Dye, Andrew J. Easton, Hideki Ebihara, Toufic Elbeaino, Koray Ergünay, Hugh W. Ferguson, Anthony R. Fooks, Marco Forgia, Pierre B. H. Formenty, Jana Fránová, Juliana Freitas-Astúa, Jingjing Fu, Stephanie Fürl, Selma Gago-Zachert, George Fú Gāo, María Laura García, Adolfo García-Sastre, Aura R. Garrison, Thomas Gaskin, Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez, Anthony Griffiths, Tony L. Goldberg, Martin H. Groschup, Stephan Günther, Roy A. Hall, John Hammond, Tong Han, Jussi Hepojoki, Roger Hewson, Jiang Hong, Ni Hong, Seiji Hongo, Masayuki Horie, John S. Hu, Tao Hu, Holly R. Hughes, Florian Hüttner, Timothy H. Hyndman, M. Ilyas, Risto Jalkanen, Dàohóng Jiāng, Gilda B. Jonson, Sandra Junglen, Fujio Kadono, Karia H. Kaukinen, Michael Kawate, Boris Klempa, Jonas Klingström, Gary Kobinger, Igor Koloniuk, Hideki Kondō, Eugene V. Koonin, Mart Krupovic, Kenji Kubota, Gael Kurath, Lies Laenen, Amy J. Lambert, Stanley L. Langevin, Benhur Lee, Elliot J. Lefkowitz, Eric M. Leroy, Shaorong Li, Longhui Li, Jiànróng Lǐ, Huazhen Liu, Igor S. Lukashevich, Piet Maes, William Marciel de Souza, Marco Marklewitz, Sergio H. Marshall, Shin-Yi L. Marzano, Sebastien Massart, John W. McCauley, Michael Melzer, Nicole Mielke-Ehret, Kristina M. Miller, Tobi J. Ming, Ali Mirazimi, Gideon J. Mordecai, Hans-Peter Mühlbach, Elke Mühlberger, Rayapati Naidu, Tomohide Natsuaki, José A. Navarro, Sergey V. Netesov, Gabriele Neumann, Norbert Nowotny, Márcio R. T. Nunes, Alejandro Olmedo-Velarde, Gustavo Palacios, Vicente Pallás, Bernadett Pályi, Anna Papa, Sofia Paraskevopoulou, Adam C. Park, Colin R. Parrish, David A. Patterson, Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa, Janusz T. Pawęska, Susan Payne, Carlotta Peracchio, Daniel R. Pérez, Thomas S. Postler, Liying Qi, Sheli R. Radoshitzky, Renato O. Resende, Carina A. Reyes, Bertus K. Rima, Gabriel Robles Luna, Víctor Romanowski, Paul Rota, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Luisa Rubino, Jonathan A. Runstadler, Sead Sabanadzovic, Amadou Alpha Sall, Maria S. Salvato, Rosemary Sang, Takahide Sasaya, Angela D. Schulze, Martin Schwemmle, Mang Shi, Xiǎohóng Shí, Zhènglì Shí, Yoshifumi Shimomoto, Yukio Shirako, Stuart G. Siddell, Peter Simmonds, Manuela Sironi, Guy Smagghe, Sophie Smither, Jin-Won Song, Kirsten Spann, Jessica R. Spengler, Mark D. Stenglein, David M. Stone, Jari Sugano, Curtis A. Suttle, Amy Tabata, Ayato Takada, Shigeharu Takeuchi, David P. Tchouassi, Amy Teffer, Robert B. Tesh, Natalie J. Thornburg, Yasuhiro Tomitaka, Keizō Tomonaga, Noël Tordo, Baldwyn Torto, Jonathan S. Towner, Shinya Tsuda, Changchun Tu, Massimo Turina, Ioannis E. Tzanetakis, Janice Uchida, Tomio Usugi, Anna Maria Vaira, Marta Vallino, Bernadette Van Den Hoogen, Arvind Varsani, Nikos Vasilakis, Martin Verbeek, Susanne von Bargen, Jiro Wada, Victoria Wahl, Peter J. Walker, Lin-Fa Wang, Guoping Wang, Yanxiang Wang, Yaqin Wang, Muhammad Waqas, Tàiyún Wèi, Shaohua Wen, Anna E. Whitfield, John V. Williams, Yuri I. Wolf, Jiangxiang Wu, Lei Xu, Hironobu Yanagisawa, Caixia Yang, Zuokun Yang, F. Murilo Zerbini, Lifeng Zhai, Yong-Zhen Zhang, Song Zhang, Jinguo Zhang, Zhe Zhang, Xueping Zhou. 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Archives of Virology. 2021; ():1-54.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; Sina Bavari; Martin Beer; Nicolas Bejerman; Andrew J. Bennett; Dennis A. Bente; Éric Bergeron; Brian H. Bird; Carol D. Blair; Kim R. Blasdell; Dag-Ragnar Blystad; Jamie Bojko; Wayne B. Borth; Steven Bradfute; Rachel Breyta; Thomas Briese; Paul A. Brown; Judith K. Brown; Ursula J. Buchholz; Michael J. Buchmeier; Alexander Bukreyev; Felicity Burt; Carmen Büttner; Charles H. Calisher; Mengji Cao; Inmaculada Casas; Kartik Chandran; Rémi N. Charrel; Qi Cheng; Yuya Chiaki; Marco Chiapello; Il-Ryong Choi; Marina Ciuffo; J. Christopher S. Clegg; Ian Crozier; Elena Dal Bó; Juan Carlos de la Torre; Xavier de Lamballerie; Rik L. de Swart; Humberto Debat; Nolwenn M. Dheilly; Emiliano Di Cicco; Nicholas Di Paola; Francesco Di Serio; Ralf G. Dietzgen; Michele Digiaro; Olga Dolnik; Michael A. Drebot; J. Felix Drexler; William G. Dundon; W. Paul Duprex; Ralf Dürrwald; John M. Dye; Andrew J. Easton; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Koray Ergünay; Hugh W. Ferguson; Anthony R. Fooks; Marco Forgia; Pierre B. H. Formenty; Jana Fránová; Juliana Freitas-Astúa; Jingjing Fu; Stephanie Fürl; Selma Gago-Zachert; George Fú Gāo; María Laura García; Adolfo García-Sastre; Aura R. Garrison; Thomas Gaskin; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Anthony Griffiths; Tony L. Goldberg; Martin H. Groschup; Stephan Günther; Roy A. Hall; John Hammond; Tong Han; Jussi Hepojoki; Roger Hewson; Jiang Hong; Ni Hong; Seiji Hongo; Masayuki Horie; John S. Hu; Tao Hu; Holly R. Hughes; Florian Hüttner; Timothy H. Hyndman; M. Ilyas; Risto Jalkanen; Dàohóng Jiāng; Gilda B. Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Fujio Kadono; Karia H. Kaukinen; Michael Kawate; Boris Klempa; Jonas Klingström; Gary Kobinger; Igor Koloniuk; Hideki Kondō; Eugene V. Koonin; Mart Krupovic; Kenji Kubota; Gael Kurath; Lies Laenen; Amy J. Lambert; Stanley L. Langevin; Benhur Lee; Elliot J. Lefkowitz; Eric M. Leroy; Shaorong Li; Longhui Li; Jiànróng Lǐ; Huazhen Liu; Igor S. Lukashevich; Piet Maes; William Marciel de Souza; Marco Marklewitz; Sergio H. Marshall; Shin-Yi L. Marzano; Sebastien Massart; John W. McCauley; Michael Melzer; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Kristina M. Miller; Tobi J. Ming; Ali Mirazimi; Gideon J. Mordecai; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Elke Mühlberger; Rayapati Naidu; Tomohide Natsuaki; José A. Navarro; Sergey V. Netesov; Gabriele Neumann; Norbert Nowotny; Márcio R. T. Nunes; Alejandro Olmedo-Velarde; Gustavo Palacios; Vicente Pallás; Bernadett Pályi; Anna Papa; Sofia Paraskevopoulou; Adam C. Park; Colin R. Parrish; David A. Patterson; Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa; Janusz T. Pawęska; Susan Payne; Carlotta Peracchio; Daniel R. Pérez; Thomas S. Postler; Liying Qi; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Renato O. Resende; Carina A. Reyes; Bertus K. Rima; Gabriel Robles Luna; Víctor Romanowski; Paul Rota; Dennis Rubbenstroth; Luisa Rubino; Jonathan A. Runstadler; Sead Sabanadzovic; Amadou Alpha Sall; Maria S. Salvato; Rosemary Sang; Takahide Sasaya; Angela D. Schulze; Martin Schwemmle; Mang Shi; Xiǎohóng Shí; Zhènglì Shí; Yoshifumi Shimomoto; Yukio Shirako; Stuart G. Siddell; Peter Simmonds; Manuela Sironi; Guy Smagghe; Sophie Smither; Jin-Won Song; Kirsten Spann; Jessica R. Spengler; Mark D. Stenglein; David M. Stone; Jari Sugano; Curtis A. Suttle; Amy Tabata; Ayato Takada; Shigeharu Takeuchi; David P. Tchouassi; Amy Teffer; Robert B. Tesh; Natalie J. Thornburg; Yasuhiro Tomitaka; Keizō Tomonaga; Noël Tordo; Baldwyn Torto; Jonathan S. Towner; Shinya Tsuda; Changchun Tu; Massimo Turina; Ioannis E. Tzanetakis; Janice Uchida; Tomio Usugi; Anna Maria Vaira; Marta Vallino; Bernadette Van Den Hoogen; Arvind Varsani; Nikos Vasilakis; Martin Verbeek; Susanne von Bargen; Jiro Wada; Victoria Wahl; Peter J. Walker; Lin-Fa Wang; Guoping Wang; Yanxiang Wang; Yaqin Wang; Muhammad Waqas; Tàiyún Wèi; Shaohua Wen; Anna E. Whitfield; John V. Williams; Yuri I. Wolf; Jiangxiang Wu; Lei Xu; Hironobu Yanagisawa; Caixia Yang; Zuokun Yang; F. Murilo Zerbini; Lifeng Zhai; Yong-Zhen Zhang; Song Zhang; Jinguo Zhang; Zhe Zhang; Xueping Zhou. 2021. "2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales." Archives of Virology , no. : 1-54.
The Bunyavirales order accommodates related viruses (bunyaviruses) with segmented, linear, single-stranded, negative- or ambi-sense RNA genomes. Their glycoproteins form capsomeric projections or spikes on the virion surface and play a crucial role in virus entry, assembly, morphogenesis. Bunyavirus glycoproteins are encoded by a single RNA segment as a polyprotein precursor that is co- and post-translationally cleaved by host cell enzymes to yield two mature glycoproteins, Gn and Gc (or GP1 and GP2 in arenaviruses). These glycoproteins undergo extensive N-linked glycosylation and despite their cleavage, remain associated to the virion to form an integral transmembrane glycoprotein complex. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of bunyavirus glycoproteins, including their processing, structure, and known interactions with host factors that facilitate cell entry.
Ruben Hulswit; Guido Paesen; Thomas Bowden; Xiaohong Shi. Recent Advances in Bunyavirus Glycoprotein Research: Precursor Processing, Receptor Binding and Structure. Viruses 2021, 13, 353 .
AMA StyleRuben Hulswit, Guido Paesen, Thomas Bowden, Xiaohong Shi. Recent Advances in Bunyavirus Glycoprotein Research: Precursor Processing, Receptor Binding and Structure. Viruses. 2021; 13 (2):353.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuben Hulswit; Guido Paesen; Thomas Bowden; Xiaohong Shi. 2021. "Recent Advances in Bunyavirus Glycoprotein Research: Precursor Processing, Receptor Binding and Structure." Viruses 13, no. 2: 353.
In March 2020, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. At the genus rank, 20 new genera were added, two were deleted, one was moved, and three were renamed. At the species rank, 160 species were added, four were deleted, ten were moved and renamed, and 30 species were renamed. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.
Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Daniela Alioto; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Simon J. Anthony; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Tomáš Bartonička; Christopher Basler; Sina Bavari; Martin Beer; Dennis A. Bente; Éric Bergeron; Brian H. Bird; Carol Blair; Kim R. Blasdell; Steven B. Bradfute; Rachel Breyta; Thomas Briese; Paul A. Brown; Ursula J. Buchholz; Michael J. Buchmeier; Alexander Bukreyev; Felicity Burt; Nihal Buzkan; Charles H. Calisher; Mengji Cao; Inmaculada Casas; John Chamberlain; Kartik Chandran; Rémi N. Charrel; Biao Chen; Michela Chiumenti; Il-Ryong Choi; J. Christopher S. Clegg; Ian Crozier; John V. Da Graça; Elena Dal Bó; Alberto M. R. Dávila; Juan Carlos De La Torre; Xavier De Lamballerie; Rik L. De Swart; Patrick L. Di Bello; Nicholas Di Paola; Francesco Di Serio; Ralf G. Dietzgen; Michele Digiaro; Valerian V. Dolja; Olga Dolnik; Michael A. Drebot; Jan Felix Drexler; Ralf Dürrwald; Lucie Dufkova; William G. Dundon; W. Paul Duprex; John M. Dye; Andrew J. Easton; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Koray Ergünay; Jorlan Fernandes; Anthony R. Fooks; Pierre B. H. Formenty; Leonie F. Forth; Ron A. M. Fouchier; Juliana Freitas-Astúa; Selma Gago-Zachert; George Fú Gāo; María Laura García; Adolfo García-Sastre; Aura R. Garrison; Aiah Gbakima; Tracey Goldstein; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Anthony Griffiths; Martin H. Groschup; Stephan Günther; Alexandro Guterres; Roy A. Hall; John Hammond; Mohamed Hassan; Jussi Hepojoki; Satu Hepojoki; Udo Hetzel; Roger Hewson; Bernd Hoffmann; Seiji Hongo; Dirk Höper; Masayuki Horie; Holly R. Hughes; Timothy H. Hyndman; Amara Jambai; Rodrigo Jardim; Dàohóng Jiāng; Qi Jin; Gilda B. Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Serpil Karadağ; Karen E. Keller; Boris Klempa; Jonas Klingström; Gary Kobinger; Hideki Kondō; Eugene V. Koonin; Mart Krupovic; Gael Kurath; Ivan V. Kuzmin; Lies Laenen; Robert A. Lamb; Amy J. Lambert; Stanley L. Langevin; Benhur Lee; Elba R. S. Lemos; Eric M. Leroy; Dexin Li; Jiànróng Lǐ; Mifang Liang; Wénwén Liú; Yàn Liú; Igor S. Lukashevich; Piet Maes; William Marciel De Souza; Marco Marklewitz; Sergio H. Marshall; Giovanni P. Martelli; Robert R. Martin; Shin-Yi L. Marzano; Sébastien Massart; John W. McCauley; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Angelantonio Minafra; Maria Minutolo; Ali Mirazimi; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Elke Mühlberger; Rayapati Naidu; Tomohide Natsuaki; Beatriz Navarro; José A. Navarro; Sergey V. Netesov; Gabriele Neumann; Norbert Nowotny; Márcio R. T. Nunes; Are Nylund; Arnfinn L. Økland; Renata C. Oliveira; Gustavo Palacios; Vicente Pallas; Bernadett Pályi; Anna Papa; Colin R. Parrish; Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa; Janusz T. Pawęska; Susan Payne; Daniel R. Pérez; Florian Pfaff; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Aziz-Ul Rahman; Pedro L. Ramos-González; Renato O. Resende; Carina A. Reyes; Bertus K. Rima; Víctor Romanowski; Gabriel Robles Luna; Paul Rota; Dennis Rubbenstroth; Jonathan A. Runstadler; Daniel Ruzek; Sead Sabanadzovic; Jiří Salát; Amadou Alpha Sall; Maria S. Salvato; Kamil Sarpkaya; Takahide Sasaya; Martin Schwemmle; Muhammad Z. Shabbir; Xiǎohóng Shí; Zhènglì Shí; Yukio Shirako; Peter Simmonds; Jana Širmarová; Manuela Sironi; Sophie Smither; Teemu Smura; Jin-Won Song; Kirsten M. Spann; Jessica R. Spengler; Mark D. Stenglein; David M. Stone; Petra Straková; Ayato Takada; Robert B. Tesh; Natalie J. Thornburg; Keizō Tomonaga; Noël Tordo; Jonathan S. Towner; Massimo Turina; Ioannis Tzanetakis; Rainer G. Ulrich; Anna Maria Vaira; Bernadette Van Den Hoogen; Arvind Varsani; Nikos Vasilakis; Martin Verbeek; Victoria Wahl; Peter J. Walker; Hui Wang; Jianwei Wang; Xifeng Wang; Lin-Fa Wang; Tàiyún Wèi; Heather Wells; Anna E. Whitfield; John V. Williams; Yuri I. Wolf; Zhìqiáng Wú; Xin Yang; Xīnglóu Yáng; Xuejie Yu; Natalya Yutin; F. Murilo Zerbini; Tong Zhang; Yong-Zhen Zhang; Guohui Zhou; Xueping Zhou. 2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Archives of Virology 2020, 165, 3023 -3072.
AMA StyleJens H. Kuhn, Scott Adkins, Daniela Alioto, Sergey V. Alkhovsky, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Simon J. Anthony, Tatjana Avšič-Županc, María A. Ayllón, Justin Bahl, Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Matthew J. Ballinger, Tomáš Bartonička, Christopher Basler, Sina Bavari, Martin Beer, Dennis A. Bente, Éric Bergeron, Brian H. Bird, Carol Blair, Kim R. Blasdell, Steven B. Bradfute, Rachel Breyta, Thomas Briese, Paul A. Brown, Ursula J. Buchholz, Michael J. Buchmeier, Alexander Bukreyev, Felicity Burt, Nihal Buzkan, Charles H. Calisher, Mengji Cao, Inmaculada Casas, John Chamberlain, Kartik Chandran, Rémi N. Charrel, Biao Chen, Michela Chiumenti, Il-Ryong Choi, J. Christopher S. Clegg, Ian Crozier, John V. Da Graça, Elena Dal Bó, Alberto M. R. Dávila, Juan Carlos De La Torre, Xavier De Lamballerie, Rik L. De Swart, Patrick L. Di Bello, Nicholas Di Paola, Francesco Di Serio, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Michele Digiaro, Valerian V. Dolja, Olga Dolnik, Michael A. Drebot, Jan Felix Drexler, Ralf Dürrwald, Lucie Dufkova, William G. Dundon, W. Paul Duprex, John M. Dye, Andrew J. Easton, Hideki Ebihara, Toufic Elbeaino, Koray Ergünay, Jorlan Fernandes, Anthony R. Fooks, Pierre B. H. Formenty, Leonie F. Forth, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Juliana Freitas-Astúa, Selma Gago-Zachert, George Fú Gāo, María Laura García, Adolfo García-Sastre, Aura R. Garrison, Aiah Gbakima, Tracey Goldstein, Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez, Anthony Griffiths, Martin H. Groschup, Stephan Günther, Alexandro Guterres, Roy A. Hall, John Hammond, Mohamed Hassan, Jussi Hepojoki, Satu Hepojoki, Udo Hetzel, Roger Hewson, Bernd Hoffmann, Seiji Hongo, Dirk Höper, Masayuki Horie, Holly R. Hughes, Timothy H. Hyndman, Amara Jambai, Rodrigo Jardim, Dàohóng Jiāng, Qi Jin, Gilda B. Jonson, Sandra Junglen, Serpil Karadağ, Karen E. Keller, Boris Klempa, Jonas Klingström, Gary Kobinger, Hideki Kondō, Eugene V. Koonin, Mart Krupovic, Gael Kurath, Ivan V. Kuzmin, Lies Laenen, Robert A. Lamb, Amy J. Lambert, Stanley L. Langevin, Benhur Lee, Elba R. S. Lemos, Eric M. Leroy, Dexin Li, Jiànróng Lǐ, Mifang Liang, Wénwén Liú, Yàn Liú, Igor S. Lukashevich, Piet Maes, William Marciel De Souza, Marco Marklewitz, Sergio H. Marshall, Giovanni P. Martelli, Robert R. Martin, Shin-Yi L. Marzano, Sébastien Massart, John W. McCauley, Nicole Mielke-Ehret, Angelantonio Minafra, Maria Minutolo, Ali Mirazimi, Hans-Peter Mühlbach, Elke Mühlberger, Rayapati Naidu, Tomohide Natsuaki, Beatriz Navarro, José A. Navarro, Sergey V. Netesov, Gabriele Neumann, Norbert Nowotny, Márcio R. T. Nunes, Are Nylund, Arnfinn L. Økland, Renata C. Oliveira, Gustavo Palacios, Vicente Pallas, Bernadett Pályi, Anna Papa, Colin R. Parrish, Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa, Janusz T. Pawęska, Susan Payne, Daniel R. Pérez, Florian Pfaff, Sheli R. Radoshitzky, Aziz-Ul Rahman, Pedro L. Ramos-González, Renato O. Resende, Carina A. Reyes, Bertus K. Rima, Víctor Romanowski, Gabriel Robles Luna, Paul Rota, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Jonathan A. Runstadler, Daniel Ruzek, Sead Sabanadzovic, Jiří Salát, Amadou Alpha Sall, Maria S. Salvato, Kamil Sarpkaya, Takahide Sasaya, Martin Schwemmle, Muhammad Z. Shabbir, Xiǎohóng Shí, Zhènglì Shí, Yukio Shirako, Peter Simmonds, Jana Širmarová, Manuela Sironi, Sophie Smither, Teemu Smura, Jin-Won Song, Kirsten M. Spann, Jessica R. Spengler, Mark D. Stenglein, David M. Stone, Petra Straková, Ayato Takada, Robert B. Tesh, Natalie J. Thornburg, Keizō Tomonaga, Noël Tordo, Jonathan S. Towner, Massimo Turina, Ioannis Tzanetakis, Rainer G. Ulrich, Anna Maria Vaira, Bernadette Van Den Hoogen, Arvind Varsani, Nikos Vasilakis, Martin Verbeek, Victoria Wahl, Peter J. Walker, Hui Wang, Jianwei Wang, Xifeng Wang, Lin-Fa Wang, Tàiyún Wèi, Heather Wells, Anna E. Whitfield, John V. Williams, Yuri I. Wolf, Zhìqiáng Wú, Xin Yang, Xīnglóu Yáng, Xuejie Yu, Natalya Yutin, F. Murilo Zerbini, Tong Zhang, Yong-Zhen Zhang, Guohui Zhou, Xueping Zhou. 2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Archives of Virology. 2020; 165 (12):3023-3072.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Daniela Alioto; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Simon J. Anthony; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Tomáš Bartonička; Christopher Basler; Sina Bavari; Martin Beer; Dennis A. Bente; Éric Bergeron; Brian H. Bird; Carol Blair; Kim R. Blasdell; Steven B. Bradfute; Rachel Breyta; Thomas Briese; Paul A. Brown; Ursula J. Buchholz; Michael J. Buchmeier; Alexander Bukreyev; Felicity Burt; Nihal Buzkan; Charles H. Calisher; Mengji Cao; Inmaculada Casas; John Chamberlain; Kartik Chandran; Rémi N. Charrel; Biao Chen; Michela Chiumenti; Il-Ryong Choi; J. Christopher S. Clegg; Ian Crozier; John V. Da Graça; Elena Dal Bó; Alberto M. R. Dávila; Juan Carlos De La Torre; Xavier De Lamballerie; Rik L. De Swart; Patrick L. Di Bello; Nicholas Di Paola; Francesco Di Serio; Ralf G. Dietzgen; Michele Digiaro; Valerian V. Dolja; Olga Dolnik; Michael A. Drebot; Jan Felix Drexler; Ralf Dürrwald; Lucie Dufkova; William G. Dundon; W. Paul Duprex; John M. Dye; Andrew J. Easton; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Koray Ergünay; Jorlan Fernandes; Anthony R. Fooks; Pierre B. H. Formenty; Leonie F. Forth; Ron A. M. Fouchier; Juliana Freitas-Astúa; Selma Gago-Zachert; George Fú Gāo; María Laura García; Adolfo García-Sastre; Aura R. Garrison; Aiah Gbakima; Tracey Goldstein; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Anthony Griffiths; Martin H. Groschup; Stephan Günther; Alexandro Guterres; Roy A. Hall; John Hammond; Mohamed Hassan; Jussi Hepojoki; Satu Hepojoki; Udo Hetzel; Roger Hewson; Bernd Hoffmann; Seiji Hongo; Dirk Höper; Masayuki Horie; Holly R. Hughes; Timothy H. Hyndman; Amara Jambai; Rodrigo Jardim; Dàohóng Jiāng; Qi Jin; Gilda B. Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Serpil Karadağ; Karen E. Keller; Boris Klempa; Jonas Klingström; Gary Kobinger; Hideki Kondō; Eugene V. Koonin; Mart Krupovic; Gael Kurath; Ivan V. Kuzmin; Lies Laenen; Robert A. Lamb; Amy J. Lambert; Stanley L. Langevin; Benhur Lee; Elba R. S. Lemos; Eric M. Leroy; Dexin Li; Jiànróng Lǐ; Mifang Liang; Wénwén Liú; Yàn Liú; Igor S. Lukashevich; Piet Maes; William Marciel De Souza; Marco Marklewitz; Sergio H. Marshall; Giovanni P. Martelli; Robert R. Martin; Shin-Yi L. Marzano; Sébastien Massart; John W. McCauley; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Angelantonio Minafra; Maria Minutolo; Ali Mirazimi; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Elke Mühlberger; Rayapati Naidu; Tomohide Natsuaki; Beatriz Navarro; José A. Navarro; Sergey V. Netesov; Gabriele Neumann; Norbert Nowotny; Márcio R. T. Nunes; Are Nylund; Arnfinn L. Økland; Renata C. Oliveira; Gustavo Palacios; Vicente Pallas; Bernadett Pályi; Anna Papa; Colin R. Parrish; Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa; Janusz T. Pawęska; Susan Payne; Daniel R. Pérez; Florian Pfaff; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Aziz-Ul Rahman; Pedro L. Ramos-González; Renato O. Resende; Carina A. Reyes; Bertus K. Rima; Víctor Romanowski; Gabriel Robles Luna; Paul Rota; Dennis Rubbenstroth; Jonathan A. Runstadler; Daniel Ruzek; Sead Sabanadzovic; Jiří Salát; Amadou Alpha Sall; Maria S. Salvato; Kamil Sarpkaya; Takahide Sasaya; Martin Schwemmle; Muhammad Z. Shabbir; Xiǎohóng Shí; Zhènglì Shí; Yukio Shirako; Peter Simmonds; Jana Širmarová; Manuela Sironi; Sophie Smither; Teemu Smura; Jin-Won Song; Kirsten M. Spann; Jessica R. Spengler; Mark D. Stenglein; David M. Stone; Petra Straková; Ayato Takada; Robert B. Tesh; Natalie J. Thornburg; Keizō Tomonaga; Noël Tordo; Jonathan S. Towner; Massimo Turina; Ioannis Tzanetakis; Rainer G. Ulrich; Anna Maria Vaira; Bernadette Van Den Hoogen; Arvind Varsani; Nikos Vasilakis; Martin Verbeek; Victoria Wahl; Peter J. Walker; Hui Wang; Jianwei Wang; Xifeng Wang; Lin-Fa Wang; Tàiyún Wèi; Heather Wells; Anna E. Whitfield; John V. Williams; Yuri I. Wolf; Zhìqiáng Wú; Xin Yang; Xīnglóu Yáng; Xuejie Yu; Natalya Yutin; F. Murilo Zerbini; Tong Zhang; Yong-Zhen Zhang; Guohui Zhou; Xueping Zhou. 2020. "2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales." Archives of Virology 165, no. 12: 3023-3072.
In February 2019, following the annual taxon ratification vote, the order Bunyavirales was amended by creation of two new families, four new subfamilies, 11 new genera and 77 new species, merging of two species, and deletion of one species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Abulikemu Abudurexiti; Scott Adkins; Daniela Alioto; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; Matthew J. Ballinger; Dennis A. Bente; Martin Beer; Éric Bergeron; Carol D. Blair; Thomas Briese; Michael J. Buchmeier; Felicity J. Burt; Charles H. Calisher; Chénchén Cháng; Rémi N. Charrel; Il Ryong Choi; J. Christopher S. Clegg; Juan Carlos De La Torre; Xavier De Lamballerie; Fēi Dèng; Francesco Di Serio; Michele Digiaro; Michael A. Drebot; Xiǎoméi Duàn; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Koray Ergünay; Charles F. Fulhorst; Aura R. Garrison; George Fú Gāo; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Martin H. Groschup; Stephan Günther; Anne-Lise Haenni; Roy A. Hall; Jussi Hepojoki; Roger Hewson; Zhìhóng Hú; Holly R. Hughes; Miranda Gilda Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Boris Klempa; Jonas Klingström; Chūn Kòu; Lies Laenen; Amy J. Lambert; Stanley A. Langevin; Dan Liu; Igor S. Lukashevich; Tāo Luò; Chuánwèi Lǚ; Piet Maes; William Marciel De Souza; Marco Marklewitz; Giovanni P. Martelli; Keita Matsuno; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Maria Minutolo; Ali Mirazimi; Abulimiti Moming; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Rayapati Naidu; Beatriz Navarro; Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes; Gustavo Palacios; Anna Papa; Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa; Janusz T. Pawęska; Jié Qiáo; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Renato O. Resende; Víctor Romanowski; Amadou Alpha Sall; Maria S. Salvato; Takahide Sasaya; Shū Shěn; Xiǎohóng Shí; Yukio Shirako; Peter Simmonds; Manuela Sironi; Jin-Won Song; Jessica R. Spengler; Mark D. Stenglein; Zhèngyuán Sū; Sùróng Sūn; Shuāng Táng; Massimo Turina; Bó Wáng; Chéng Wáng; Huálín Wáng; Jūn Wáng; Tàiyún Wèi; Anna E. Whitfield; F. Murilo Zerbini; Jìngyuàn Zhāng; Lěi Zhāng; Yànfāng Zhāng; Yong-Zhen Zhang; Yújiāng Zhāng; Xueping Zhou; Lìyǐng Zhū; Jens H. Kuhn. Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: update 2019. Archives of Virology 2019, 164, 1949 -1965.
AMA StyleAbulikemu Abudurexiti, Scott Adkins, Daniela Alioto, Sergey V. Alkhovsky, Tatjana Avšič-Županc, Matthew J. Ballinger, Dennis A. Bente, Martin Beer, Éric Bergeron, Carol D. Blair, Thomas Briese, Michael J. Buchmeier, Felicity J. Burt, Charles H. Calisher, Chénchén Cháng, Rémi N. Charrel, Il Ryong Choi, J. Christopher S. Clegg, Juan Carlos De La Torre, Xavier De Lamballerie, Fēi Dèng, Francesco Di Serio, Michele Digiaro, Michael A. Drebot, Xiǎoméi Duàn, Hideki Ebihara, Toufic Elbeaino, Koray Ergünay, Charles F. Fulhorst, Aura R. Garrison, George Fú Gāo, Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez, Martin H. Groschup, Stephan Günther, Anne-Lise Haenni, Roy A. Hall, Jussi Hepojoki, Roger Hewson, Zhìhóng Hú, Holly R. Hughes, Miranda Gilda Jonson, Sandra Junglen, Boris Klempa, Jonas Klingström, Chūn Kòu, Lies Laenen, Amy J. Lambert, Stanley A. Langevin, Dan Liu, Igor S. Lukashevich, Tāo Luò, Chuánwèi Lǚ, Piet Maes, William Marciel De Souza, Marco Marklewitz, Giovanni P. Martelli, Keita Matsuno, Nicole Mielke-Ehret, Maria Minutolo, Ali Mirazimi, Abulimiti Moming, Hans-Peter Mühlbach, Rayapati Naidu, Beatriz Navarro, Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes, Gustavo Palacios, Anna Papa, Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa, Janusz T. Pawęska, Jié Qiáo, Sheli R. Radoshitzky, Renato O. Resende, Víctor Romanowski, Amadou Alpha Sall, Maria S. Salvato, Takahide Sasaya, Shū Shěn, Xiǎohóng Shí, Yukio Shirako, Peter Simmonds, Manuela Sironi, Jin-Won Song, Jessica R. Spengler, Mark D. Stenglein, Zhèngyuán Sū, Sùróng Sūn, Shuāng Táng, Massimo Turina, Bó Wáng, Chéng Wáng, Huálín Wáng, Jūn Wáng, Tàiyún Wèi, Anna E. Whitfield, F. Murilo Zerbini, Jìngyuàn Zhāng, Lěi Zhāng, Yànfāng Zhāng, Yong-Zhen Zhang, Yújiāng Zhāng, Xueping Zhou, Lìyǐng Zhū, Jens H. Kuhn. Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: update 2019. Archives of Virology. 2019; 164 (7):1949-1965.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbulikemu Abudurexiti; Scott Adkins; Daniela Alioto; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; Matthew J. Ballinger; Dennis A. Bente; Martin Beer; Éric Bergeron; Carol D. Blair; Thomas Briese; Michael J. Buchmeier; Felicity J. Burt; Charles H. Calisher; Chénchén Cháng; Rémi N. Charrel; Il Ryong Choi; J. Christopher S. Clegg; Juan Carlos De La Torre; Xavier De Lamballerie; Fēi Dèng; Francesco Di Serio; Michele Digiaro; Michael A. Drebot; Xiǎoméi Duàn; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Koray Ergünay; Charles F. Fulhorst; Aura R. Garrison; George Fú Gāo; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Martin H. Groschup; Stephan Günther; Anne-Lise Haenni; Roy A. Hall; Jussi Hepojoki; Roger Hewson; Zhìhóng Hú; Holly R. Hughes; Miranda Gilda Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Boris Klempa; Jonas Klingström; Chūn Kòu; Lies Laenen; Amy J. Lambert; Stanley A. Langevin; Dan Liu; Igor S. Lukashevich; Tāo Luò; Chuánwèi Lǚ; Piet Maes; William Marciel De Souza; Marco Marklewitz; Giovanni P. Martelli; Keita Matsuno; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Maria Minutolo; Ali Mirazimi; Abulimiti Moming; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Rayapati Naidu; Beatriz Navarro; Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes; Gustavo Palacios; Anna Papa; Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa; Janusz T. Pawęska; Jié Qiáo; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Renato O. Resende; Víctor Romanowski; Amadou Alpha Sall; Maria S. Salvato; Takahide Sasaya; Shū Shěn; Xiǎohóng Shí; Yukio Shirako; Peter Simmonds; Manuela Sironi; Jin-Won Song; Jessica R. Spengler; Mark D. Stenglein; Zhèngyuán Sū; Sùróng Sūn; Shuāng Táng; Massimo Turina; Bó Wáng; Chéng Wáng; Huálín Wáng; Jūn Wáng; Tàiyún Wèi; Anna E. Whitfield; F. Murilo Zerbini; Jìngyuàn Zhāng; Lěi Zhāng; Yànfāng Zhāng; Yong-Zhen Zhang; Yújiāng Zhāng; Xueping Zhou; Lìyǐng Zhū; Jens H. Kuhn. 2019. "Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: update 2019." Archives of Virology 164, no. 7: 1949-1965.
In October 2018, the order Bunyavirales was amended by inclusion of the family Arenaviridae, abolishment of three families, creation of three new families, 19 new genera, and 14 new species, and renaming of three genera and 22 species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Piet Maes; Scott Adkins; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Tatjana Avšič Županc; Matthew J. Ballinger; Dennis A. Bente; Martin Beer; Éric Bergeron; Carol D. Blair; Thomas Briese; Michael J. Buchmeier; Felicity J. Burt; Charles H. Calisher; Rémi N. Charrel; Il Ryong Choi; J. Christopher S. Clegg; Juan Carlos De La Torre; Xavier De Lamballerie; Joseph L. DeRisi; Michele Digiaro; Mike Drebot; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Koray Ergünay; Charles F. Fulhorst; Aura R. Garrison; George Fú Gāo; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Martin H. Groschup; Stephan Günther; Anne-Lise Haenni; Roy A. Hall; Roger Hewson; Holly R. Hughes; Rakesh K. Jain; Miranda Gilda Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Boris Klempa; Jonas Klingström; Richard Kormelink; Amy J. Lambert; Stanley A. Langevin; Igor S. Lukashevich; Marco Marklewitz; Giovanni P. Martelli; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Ali Mirazimi; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Rayapati Naidu; Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes; Gustavo Palacios; Anna Papa; Janusz T. Pawęska; Clarence J. Peters; Alexander Plyusnin; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Renato O. Resende; Victor Romanowski; Amadou Alpha Sall; Maria S. Salvato; Takahide Sasaya; Connie Schmaljohn; Xiǎohóng Shí; Yukio Shirako; Peter Simmonds; Manuela Sironi; Jin-Won Song; Jessica R. Spengler; Mark D. Stenglein; Robert B. Tesh; Massimo Turina; Tàiyún Wèi; Anna E. Whitfield; Shyi-Dong Yeh; F. Murilo Zerbini; Yong-Zhen Zhang; Xueping Zhou; Jens H. Kuhn. Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: second update 2018. Archives of Virology 2019, 164, 927 -941.
AMA StylePiet Maes, Scott Adkins, Sergey V. Alkhovsky, Tatjana Avšič Županc, Matthew J. Ballinger, Dennis A. Bente, Martin Beer, Éric Bergeron, Carol D. Blair, Thomas Briese, Michael J. Buchmeier, Felicity J. Burt, Charles H. Calisher, Rémi N. Charrel, Il Ryong Choi, J. Christopher S. Clegg, Juan Carlos De La Torre, Xavier De Lamballerie, Joseph L. DeRisi, Michele Digiaro, Mike Drebot, Hideki Ebihara, Toufic Elbeaino, Koray Ergünay, Charles F. Fulhorst, Aura R. Garrison, George Fú Gāo, Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez, Martin H. Groschup, Stephan Günther, Anne-Lise Haenni, Roy A. Hall, Roger Hewson, Holly R. Hughes, Rakesh K. Jain, Miranda Gilda Jonson, Sandra Junglen, Boris Klempa, Jonas Klingström, Richard Kormelink, Amy J. Lambert, Stanley A. Langevin, Igor S. Lukashevich, Marco Marklewitz, Giovanni P. Martelli, Nicole Mielke-Ehret, Ali Mirazimi, Hans-Peter Mühlbach, Rayapati Naidu, Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes, Gustavo Palacios, Anna Papa, Janusz T. Pawęska, Clarence J. Peters, Alexander Plyusnin, Sheli R. Radoshitzky, Renato O. Resende, Victor Romanowski, Amadou Alpha Sall, Maria S. Salvato, Takahide Sasaya, Connie Schmaljohn, Xiǎohóng Shí, Yukio Shirako, Peter Simmonds, Manuela Sironi, Jin-Won Song, Jessica R. Spengler, Mark D. Stenglein, Robert B. Tesh, Massimo Turina, Tàiyún Wèi, Anna E. Whitfield, Shyi-Dong Yeh, F. Murilo Zerbini, Yong-Zhen Zhang, Xueping Zhou, Jens H. Kuhn. Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: second update 2018. Archives of Virology. 2019; 164 (3):927-941.
Chicago/Turabian StylePiet Maes; Scott Adkins; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Tatjana Avšič Županc; Matthew J. Ballinger; Dennis A. Bente; Martin Beer; Éric Bergeron; Carol D. Blair; Thomas Briese; Michael J. Buchmeier; Felicity J. Burt; Charles H. Calisher; Rémi N. Charrel; Il Ryong Choi; J. Christopher S. Clegg; Juan Carlos De La Torre; Xavier De Lamballerie; Joseph L. DeRisi; Michele Digiaro; Mike Drebot; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Koray Ergünay; Charles F. Fulhorst; Aura R. Garrison; George Fú Gāo; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Martin H. Groschup; Stephan Günther; Anne-Lise Haenni; Roy A. Hall; Roger Hewson; Holly R. Hughes; Rakesh K. Jain; Miranda Gilda Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Boris Klempa; Jonas Klingström; Richard Kormelink; Amy J. Lambert; Stanley A. Langevin; Igor S. Lukashevich; Marco Marklewitz; Giovanni P. Martelli; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Ali Mirazimi; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Rayapati Naidu; Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes; Gustavo Palacios; Anna Papa; Janusz T. Pawęska; Clarence J. Peters; Alexander Plyusnin; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Renato O. Resende; Victor Romanowski; Amadou Alpha Sall; Maria S. Salvato; Takahide Sasaya; Connie Schmaljohn; Xiǎohóng Shí; Yukio Shirako; Peter Simmonds; Manuela Sironi; Jin-Won Song; Jessica R. Spengler; Mark D. Stenglein; Robert B. Tesh; Massimo Turina; Tàiyún Wèi; Anna E. Whitfield; Shyi-Dong Yeh; F. Murilo Zerbini; Yong-Zhen Zhang; Xueping Zhou; Jens H. Kuhn. 2019. "Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: second update 2018." Archives of Virology 164, no. 3: 927-941.
Bunyaviruses pose a significant threat to human health, prosperity, and food security. In response to viral infections, interferons (IFNs) upregulate the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose cumulative action can potently inhibit the replication of bunyaviruses. We used a flow cytometry-based method to screen the ability of ∼500 unique ISGs from humans and rhesus macaques to inhibit the replication of Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus (BUNV), the prototype of both the Peribunyaviridae family and the Bunyavirales order. Candidates possessing antibunyaviral activity were further examined using a panel of divergent bunyaviruses. Interestingly, one candidate, ISG20, exhibited potent antibunyaviral activity against most viruses examined from the Peribunyaviridae , Hantaviridae , and Nairoviridae families, whereas phleboviruses ( Phenuiviridae ) largely escaped inhibition. Similar to the case against other viruses known to be targeted by ISG20, the antibunyaviral activity of ISG20 is dependent upon its functional RNase activity. Through use of an infectious virus-like particle (VLP) assay (based on the BUNV minigenome system), we confirmed that gene expression from all 3 viral segments is strongly inhibited by ISG20. Using in vitro evolution, we generated a substantially ISG20-resistant BUNV and mapped the determinants of ISG20 sensitivity/resistance. Taking all the data together, we report that ISG20 is a broad and potent antibunyaviral factor but that some bunyaviruses are remarkably ISG20 resistant. Thus, ISG20 sensitivity/resistance may influence the pathogenesis of bunyaviruses, many of which are emerging viruses of clinical or veterinary significance. IMPORTANCE There are hundreds of bunyaviruses, many of which cause life-threatening acute diseases in humans and livestock. The interferon (IFN) system is a key component of innate immunity, and type I IFNs limit bunyaviral propagation both in vitro and in vivo . Type I IFN signaling results in the upregulation of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose concerted action generates an “antiviral state.” Although IFNs are critical in limiting bunyaviral replication and pathogenesis, much is still unknown about which ISGs inhibit bunyaviruses. Using ISG-expression screening, we examined the ability of ∼500 unique ISGs to inhibit Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus (BUNV), the prototypical bunyavirus. Using this approach, we identified ISG20, an interferon-stimulated exonuclease, as a potent inhibitor of BUNV. Interestingly, ISG20 possesses highly selective antibunyaviral activity, with multiple bunyaviruses being potently inhibited while some largely escape inhibition. We speculate that the ability of some bunyaviruses to escape ISG20 may influence their pathogenesis.
Junjie Feng; Arthur Wickenhagen; Matthew Turnbull; Veronica V. Rezelj; Felix Kreher; Natasha L. Tilston-Lunel; Gillian S. Slack; Benjamin Brennan; Elina Koudriakova; Andrew E. Shaw; Suzannah J. Rihn; Charles M. Rice; Paul D. Bieniasz; Richard M. Elliott; Xiaohong Shi; Sam J. Wilson. Interferon-Stimulated Gene (ISG)-Expression Screening Reveals the Specific Antibunyaviral Activity of ISG20. Journal of Virology 2018, 92, e02140-17 .
AMA StyleJunjie Feng, Arthur Wickenhagen, Matthew Turnbull, Veronica V. Rezelj, Felix Kreher, Natasha L. Tilston-Lunel, Gillian S. Slack, Benjamin Brennan, Elina Koudriakova, Andrew E. Shaw, Suzannah J. Rihn, Charles M. Rice, Paul D. Bieniasz, Richard M. Elliott, Xiaohong Shi, Sam J. Wilson. Interferon-Stimulated Gene (ISG)-Expression Screening Reveals the Specific Antibunyaviral Activity of ISG20. Journal of Virology. 2018; 92 (13):e02140-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunjie Feng; Arthur Wickenhagen; Matthew Turnbull; Veronica V. Rezelj; Felix Kreher; Natasha L. Tilston-Lunel; Gillian S. Slack; Benjamin Brennan; Elina Koudriakova; Andrew E. Shaw; Suzannah J. Rihn; Charles M. Rice; Paul D. Bieniasz; Richard M. Elliott; Xiaohong Shi; Sam J. Wilson. 2018. "Interferon-Stimulated Gene (ISG)-Expression Screening Reveals the Specific Antibunyaviral Activity of ISG20." Journal of Virology 92, no. 13: e02140-17.
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV; Phenuiviridae, Phlebovirus) is an important mosquito-borne pathogen of both humans and ruminants. The RVFV genome is composed of tripartite, single stranded, negative or ambisense RNAs. The small (S) segment encodes both the nucleocapsid protein (N) and the non-structural protein (NSs). The N protein is responsible for the formation of the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, which are essential in the virus life cycle and for the transcription and replication of the viral genome. There is currently limited knowledge surrounding the roles of the RVFV nucleocapsid protein in viral infection other than its key functions: N protein multimerisation, encapsidation of the RNA genome and interactions with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, L. By bioinformatic comparison of the N sequences of fourteen phleboviruses, mutational analysis, minigenome assays and packaging assays, we have further characterised the RVFV N protein. Amino acids P11 and F149 in RVFV N play an essential role in the function of RNPs and are neither associated with N protein multimerisation nor known nucleocapsid protein functions and may have additional roles in the virus life cycle. Amino acid Y30 exhibited increased minigenome activity despite reduced RNA binding capacity. Additionally, we have determined that the N-terminal arm of N protein is not involved in N-L interactions. Elucidating the fundamental processes that involve the nucleocapsid protein will add to our understanding of this important viral protein and may influence future studies in the development of novel antiviral strategies. Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) remains an ongoing serious socio-economic threat, and with a lack of widely available licensed vaccines and treatments it is increasingly important to understand the underlying biology behind RVFV viral replication. Re-analysis of RVFV nucleocapsid, a key protein within the RVFV replication cycle has led to the characterisation of previously unidentified conserved amino acids. This study increases our understanding of the nucleocapsid protein which may play an important role in the future development of vaccine and antiviral therapies.
Timothy Mottram; Ping Li; Isabelle Dietrich; Xiaohong Shi; Benjamin Brennan; Margus Varjak; Alain Kohl. Mutational analysis of Rift Valley fever phlebovirus nucleocapsid protein indicates novel conserved, functional amino acids. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2017, 11, e0006155 .
AMA StyleTimothy Mottram, Ping Li, Isabelle Dietrich, Xiaohong Shi, Benjamin Brennan, Margus Varjak, Alain Kohl. Mutational analysis of Rift Valley fever phlebovirus nucleocapsid protein indicates novel conserved, functional amino acids. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2017; 11 (12):e0006155.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTimothy Mottram; Ping Li; Isabelle Dietrich; Xiaohong Shi; Benjamin Brennan; Margus Varjak; Alain Kohl. 2017. "Mutational analysis of Rift Valley fever phlebovirus nucleocapsid protein indicates novel conserved, functional amino acids." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11, no. 12: e0006155.
A number of viruses within the Peribunyaviridae family are naturally occurring reassortants, a common phenomenon for segmented viruses. Using a minigenome-reporter and virus-like particle (VLP) production assay, we have accessed the potential of Oropouche virus (OROV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), and other orthobunyaviruses within the Simbu serogroup to reassort. We found that the untranslated region (UTR) in the medium segment is a potential contributing factor for reassortment by the tested viruses. We demonstrate that for promoter activity to occur it was essential that the viral RNA polymerase (L) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins were from the same virus, reinforcing the hypothesis that the large and small segments that encode these proteins segregate together during genome reassortment. Our results indicate that, given the right epidemiological setting, reassortment between SBV and OROV would potentially be feasible and could contribute to the emergence of a new Simbu virus.
Natasha L. Tilston-Lunel; Xiaohong Shi; Richard M. Elliott; Gustavo Olszanski Acrani. The Potential for Reassortment between Oropouche and Schmallenberg Orthobunyaviruses. Viruses 2017, 9, 220 .
AMA StyleNatasha L. Tilston-Lunel, Xiaohong Shi, Richard M. Elliott, Gustavo Olszanski Acrani. The Potential for Reassortment between Oropouche and Schmallenberg Orthobunyaviruses. Viruses. 2017; 9 (8):220.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNatasha L. Tilston-Lunel; Xiaohong Shi; Richard M. Elliott; Gustavo Olszanski Acrani. 2017. "The Potential for Reassortment between Oropouche and Schmallenberg Orthobunyaviruses." Viruses 9, no. 8: 220.
Orthobunyaviruses include several recently emerging viruses of significant medical and veterinary importance. There is currently very limited understanding on what determines the host species range of these pathogens. In this study we discovered that BST-2/tetherin restricts orthobunyavirus replication in a host-specific manner. We show that viruses with human tropism (Oropouche virus and La Crosse virus) are restricted by sheep BST-2 but not by the human orthologue, while viruses with ruminant tropism (Schmallenberg virus and others) are restricted by human BST-2 but not by the sheep orthologue. We also show that BST-2 blocks orthobunyaviruses replication by reducing the amount of envelope glycoprotein into viral particles egressing from infected cells. This is the first study identifying a restriction factor that correlates with species susceptibility to orthobunyavirus infection. This work provides insight to help us dissect the adaptive changes that bunyaviruses require to cross the species barrier and emerge into new species.
Mariana Varela; Ilaria M. Piras; Catrina Mullan; Xiaohong Shi; Natasha L. Tilston-Lunel; Rute Maria Pinto; Aislynn Taggart; Stephen Welch; Stuart Neil; Felix Kreher; Richard M. Elliott; Massimo Palmarini. Sensitivity to BST-2 restriction correlates with Orthobunyavirus host range. Virology 2017, 509, 121 -130.
AMA StyleMariana Varela, Ilaria M. Piras, Catrina Mullan, Xiaohong Shi, Natasha L. Tilston-Lunel, Rute Maria Pinto, Aislynn Taggart, Stephen Welch, Stuart Neil, Felix Kreher, Richard M. Elliott, Massimo Palmarini. Sensitivity to BST-2 restriction correlates with Orthobunyavirus host range. Virology. 2017; 509 ():121-130.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariana Varela; Ilaria M. Piras; Catrina Mullan; Xiaohong Shi; Natasha L. Tilston-Lunel; Rute Maria Pinto; Aislynn Taggart; Stephen Welch; Stuart Neil; Felix Kreher; Richard M. Elliott; Massimo Palmarini. 2017. "Sensitivity to BST-2 restriction correlates with Orthobunyavirus host range." Virology 509, no. : 121-130.
Vector arthropods control arbovirus replication and spread through antiviral innate immune responses including RNA interference (RNAi) pathways. Arbovirus infections have been shown to induce the exogenous small interfering RNA (siRNA) and Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathways, but direct antiviral activity by these host responses in mosquito cells has only been demonstrated against a limited number of positive-strand RNA arboviruses. For bunyaviruses in general, the relative contribution of small RNA pathways in antiviral defences is unknown. The genus Orthobunyavirus in the Bunyaviridae family harbours a diverse range of mosquito-, midge- and tick-borne arboviruses. We hypothesized that differences in the antiviral RNAi response in vector versus non-vector cells may exist and that could influence viral host range. Using Aedes aegypti-derived mosquito cells, mosquito-borne orthobunyaviruses and midge-borne orthobunyaviruses we showed that bunyavirus infection commonly induced the production of small RNAs and the effects of the small RNA pathways on individual viruses differ in specific vector-arbovirus interactions. These findings have important implications for our understanding of antiviral RNAi pathways and orthobunyavirus-vector interactions and tropism. A number of orthobunyaviruses such as Oropouche virus, La Crosse virus and Schmallenberg virus are important global human or animal pathogens transmitted by arthropod vectors. Further understanding of the antiviral control mechanisms in arthropod vectors is key to developing novel prevention strategies based on preventing transmission. Antiviral small RNA pathways such as the exogenous siRNA and piRNA pathways have been shown to mediate antiviral activity against positive-strand RNA arboviruses, but information about their activities against negative-strand RNA arboviruses is critically lacking. Here we show that in Aedes aegypti-derived mosquito cells, the antiviral responses to mosquito-borne orthobunyaviruses is largely mediated by both siRNA and piRNA pathways, whereas the piRNA pathway plays only a minor role in controlling midge-borne orthobunyaviruses. This suggests that vector specificity is in part controlled by antiviral responses that depend on the host species. These findings contribute significantly to our understanding of arbovirus-vector interactions.
Isabelle Dietrich; Xiaohong Shi; Melanie McFarlane; Mick Watson; Anne-Lie Blomström; Jessica K. Skelton; Alain Kohl; Richard M. Elliott; Esther Schnettler. The Antiviral RNAi Response in Vector and Non-vector Cells against Orthobunyaviruses. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2017, 11, e0005272 .
AMA StyleIsabelle Dietrich, Xiaohong Shi, Melanie McFarlane, Mick Watson, Anne-Lie Blomström, Jessica K. Skelton, Alain Kohl, Richard M. Elliott, Esther Schnettler. The Antiviral RNAi Response in Vector and Non-vector Cells against Orthobunyaviruses. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2017; 11 (1):e0005272.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsabelle Dietrich; Xiaohong Shi; Melanie McFarlane; Mick Watson; Anne-Lie Blomström; Jessica K. Skelton; Alain Kohl; Richard M. Elliott; Esther Schnettler. 2017. "The Antiviral RNAi Response in Vector and Non-vector Cells against Orthobunyaviruses." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11, no. 1: e0005272.
The M genome segment of Bunyamwera virus (BUNV)—the prototype of both the Bunyaviridae family and the Orthobunyavirus genus—encodes the glycoprotein precursor (GPC) that is proteolytically cleaved to yield two viral structural glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, and a nonstructural protein, NSm. The cleavage mechanism of orthobunyavirus GPCs and the host proteases involved have not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the processing of BUNV GPC and found that both NSm and Gc proteins were cleaved at their own internal signal peptides (SPs), in which NSm domain I functions as SPNSm and NSm domain V as SPGc. Moreover, the domain I was further processed by a host intramembrane-cleaving protease, signal peptide peptidase, and is required for cell fusion activities. Meanwhile, the NSm domain V (SPGc) remains integral to NSm, rendering the NSm topology as a two-membrane-spanning integral membrane protein. We defined the cleavage sites and boundaries between the processed proteins as follows: Gn, from residue 17–312 or nearby residues; NSm, 332–477; and Gc, 478–1433. Our data clarified the mechanism of the precursor cleavage process, which is important for our understanding of viral glycoprotein biogenesis in the genus Orthobunyavirus and thus presents a useful target for intervention strategies.
Xiaohong Shi; Catherine H. Botting; Ping Li; Mark Niglas; Benjamin Brennan; Sally Shirran; Agnieszka M. Szemiel; Richard M. Elliott. Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus glycoprotein precursor is processed by cellular signal peptidase and signal peptide peptidase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2016, 113, 8825 -8830.
AMA StyleXiaohong Shi, Catherine H. Botting, Ping Li, Mark Niglas, Benjamin Brennan, Sally Shirran, Agnieszka M. Szemiel, Richard M. Elliott. Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus glycoprotein precursor is processed by cellular signal peptidase and signal peptide peptidase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016; 113 (31):8825-8830.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaohong Shi; Catherine H. Botting; Ping Li; Mark Niglas; Benjamin Brennan; Sally Shirran; Agnieszka M. Szemiel; Richard M. Elliott. 2016. "Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus glycoprotein precursor is processed by cellular signal peptidase and signal peptide peptidase." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 31: 8825-8830.
Serial passage of viruses in cell culture has been traditionally used to attenuate virulence and identify determinants of viral pathogenesis. In a previous study, we found that a strain of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) serially passaged in tissue culture (termed SBVp32) unexpectedly displayed increased pathogenicity in suckling mice compared to wild-type SBV. In this study, we mapped the determinants of SBVp32 virulence to the viral genome M segment. SBVp32 virulence is associated with the capacity of this virus to reach high titers in the brains of experimentally infected suckling mice. We also found that the Gc glycoprotein, encoded by the M segment of SBVp32, facilitates host cell protein shutoff in vitro . Interestingly, while the M segment of SBVp32 is a virulence factor, we found that the S segment of the same virus confers by itself an attenuated phenotype to wild-type SBV, as it has lost the ability to block the innate immune system of the host. Single mutations present in the Gc glycoprotein of SBVp32 are sufficient to compensate for both the attenuated phenotype of the SBVp32 S segment and the attenuated phenotype of NSs deletion mutants. Our data also indicate that the SBVp32 M segment does not act as an interferon (IFN) antagonist. Therefore, SBV mutants can retain pathogenicity even when they are unable to fully control the production of IFN by infected cells. Overall, this study suggests that the viral glycoprotein of orthobunyaviruses can compensate, at least in part, for the function of NSs. In addition, we also provide evidence that the induction of total cellular protein shutoff by SBV is determined by multiple viral proteins, while the ability to control the production of IFN maps to the NSs protein. IMPORTANCE The identification of viral determinants of pathogenesis is key to the development of prophylactic and intervention measures. In this study, we found that the bunyavirus Gc glycoprotein is a virulence factor. Importantly, we show that mutations in the Gc glycoprotein can restore the pathogenicity of attenuated mutants resulting from deletions or mutations in the nonstructural protein NSs. Our findings highlight the fact that careful consideration should be taken when designing live attenuated vaccines based on deletions of nonstructural proteins since single mutations in the viral glycoproteins appear to revert attenuated mutants to virulent phenotypes.
Mariana Varela; Rute Maria Pinto; Marco Caporale; Ilaria M. Piras; Aislynn Taggart; Frauke Seehusen; Kerstin Hahn; Anna Janowicz; William Marciel de Souza; Wolfgang Baumgärtner; Xiaohong Shi; Massimo Palmarini. Mutations in the Schmallenberg Virus Gc Glycoprotein Facilitate Cellular Protein Synthesis Shutoff and Restore Pathogenicity of NSs Deletion Mutants in Mice. Journal of Virology 2016, 90, 5440 -5450.
AMA StyleMariana Varela, Rute Maria Pinto, Marco Caporale, Ilaria M. Piras, Aislynn Taggart, Frauke Seehusen, Kerstin Hahn, Anna Janowicz, William Marciel de Souza, Wolfgang Baumgärtner, Xiaohong Shi, Massimo Palmarini. Mutations in the Schmallenberg Virus Gc Glycoprotein Facilitate Cellular Protein Synthesis Shutoff and Restore Pathogenicity of NSs Deletion Mutants in Mice. Journal of Virology. 2016; 90 (11):5440-5450.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariana Varela; Rute Maria Pinto; Marco Caporale; Ilaria M. Piras; Aislynn Taggart; Frauke Seehusen; Kerstin Hahn; Anna Janowicz; William Marciel de Souza; Wolfgang Baumgärtner; Xiaohong Shi; Massimo Palmarini. 2016. "Mutations in the Schmallenberg Virus Gc Glycoprotein Facilitate Cellular Protein Synthesis Shutoff and Restore Pathogenicity of NSs Deletion Mutants in Mice." Journal of Virology 90, no. 11: 5440-5450.
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a newly emerged orthobunyavirus that has caused widespread disease in cattle, sheep and goats in Europe. Like other orthobunyaviruses, SBV is characterized by a tripartite negative-sense RNA genome that encodes four structural and two non-structural proteins. This study showed that SBV has a wide in vitro host range, and that BHK-21 cells are a convenient host for both SBV propagation and assay by plaque titration. The SBV genome segments were cloned as cDNA and a three-plasmid rescue system was established to recover infectious virus. Recombinant virus behaved similarly in cell culture to authentic virus. The ORF for the non-structural NSs protein, encoded on the smallest genome segment, was disrupted by introduction of translation stop codons in the appropriate cDNA, and when this plasmid was used in reverse genetics, a recombinant virus that lacked NSs expression was recovered. This virus had reduced capacity to shut-off host-cell protein synthesis compared with the wild-type virus. In addition, the NSs-deleted virus induced interferon (IFN) in cells, indicating that, like other orthobunyaviruses, NSs functions as an IFN antagonist, most probably by globally inhibiting host-cell metabolism. The development of a robust reverse genetics system for SBV will facilitate investigation of its pathogenic mechanisms as well as the creation of attenuated strains that could be candidate vaccines.
Richard M. Elliott; Gjon Blakqori; Ingeborg C. Van Knippenberg; Elina Koudriakova; Ping Li; Angela McLees; Xiaohong Shi; Agnieszka Szemiel. Establishment of a reverse genetics system for Schmallenberg virus, a newly emerged orthobunyavirus in Europe. Journal of General Virology 2013, 94, 851 -859.
AMA StyleRichard M. Elliott, Gjon Blakqori, Ingeborg C. Van Knippenberg, Elina Koudriakova, Ping Li, Angela McLees, Xiaohong Shi, Agnieszka Szemiel. Establishment of a reverse genetics system for Schmallenberg virus, a newly emerged orthobunyavirus in Europe. Journal of General Virology. 2013; 94 (4):851-859.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichard M. Elliott; Gjon Blakqori; Ingeborg C. Van Knippenberg; Elina Koudriakova; Ping Li; Angela McLees; Xiaohong Shi; Agnieszka Szemiel. 2013. "Establishment of a reverse genetics system for Schmallenberg virus, a newly emerged orthobunyavirus in Europe." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 4: 851-859.
The virion glycoproteins Gn and Gc of Bunyamwera virus (BUNV), the prototype of the Bunyaviridae family and also of the Orthobunyavirus genus, are encoded by the medium (M) RNA genome segment and are involved in both viral attachment and entry. After their synthesis Gn and Gc form a heterodimer in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transit to the Golgi compartment for virus assembly. The N-terminal half of the Gc ectodomain was previously shown to be dispensable for virus replication in cell culture (X. Shi, J. Goli, G. Clark, K. Brauburger, and R. M. Elliott, J. Gen. Virol. 90:2483-2492, 2009.). In this study, the coding sequence for a fluorescent protein, either enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) or mCherry fluorescent protein, was fused to the N terminus of truncated Gc, and two recombinant BUNVs (rBUNGc-eGFP and rBUNGc-mCherry) were rescued by reverse genetics. The recombinant viruses showed bright autofluorescence under UV light and were competent for replication in various mammalian cell lines. rBUNGc-mCherry was completely stable over 10 passages, whereas internal, in-frame deletions occurred in the chimeric Gc-eGFP protein of rBUNGc-eGFP, resulting in loss of fluorescence between passages 5 and 7. Autofluorescence of the recombinant viruses allowed visualization of different stages of the infection cycle, including virus attachment to the cell surface, budding of virus particles in Golgi membranes, and virus-induced morphological changes to the Golgi compartment at later stages of infection. The fluorescent protein-tagged viruses will be valuable reagents for live-cell imaging studies to investigate virus entry, budding, and morphogenesis in real time.
Xiaohong Shi; Joël T. van Mierlo; Andrew French; Richard M. Elliott. Visualizing the Replication Cycle of Bunyamwera Orthobunyavirus Expressing Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Gc Glycoprotein. Journal of Virology 2010, 84, 8460 -8469.
AMA StyleXiaohong Shi, Joël T. van Mierlo, Andrew French, Richard M. Elliott. Visualizing the Replication Cycle of Bunyamwera Orthobunyavirus Expressing Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Gc Glycoprotein. Journal of Virology. 2010; 84 (17):8460-8469.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaohong Shi; Joël T. van Mierlo; Andrew French; Richard M. Elliott. 2010. "Visualizing the Replication Cycle of Bunyamwera Orthobunyavirus Expressing Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Gc Glycoprotein." Journal of Virology 84, no. 17: 8460-8469.
The virion glycoproteins Gn and Gc of Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus (family Bunyaviridae) are encoded by the M RNA genome segment and have roles in both viral attachment and membrane fusion. To investigate further the structure and function of the Gc protein in viral replication, we generated 12 mutants that contain truncations from the N terminus. The effects of these deletions were analysed with regard to Golgi targeting, low pH-dependent membrane fusion, infectious virus-like particle (VLP) formation and virus infectivity. Our results show that the N-terminal half (453 residues) of the Gc ectodomain (909 residues in total) is dispensable for Golgi trafficking and cell fusion. However, deletions in this region resulted in a significant reduction in VLP formation. Four mutant viruses that contained N-terminal deletions in their Gc proteins were rescued, and found to be attenuated to different degrees in BHK-21 cells. Taken together, our data indicate that the N-terminal half of the Gc ectodomain is dispensable for replication in cell culture, whereas the C-terminal half is required to mediate cell fusion. A model for the domain structure of the Gc ectodomain is proposed.
Xiaohong Shi; Josthna Goli; Gordon Clark; Kristina Brauburger; Richard Michael Elliott. Functional analysis of the Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus Gc glycoprotein. Journal of General Virology 2009, 90, 2483 -2492.
AMA StyleXiaohong Shi, Josthna Goli, Gordon Clark, Kristina Brauburger, Richard Michael Elliott. Functional analysis of the Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus Gc glycoprotein. Journal of General Virology. 2009; 90 (10):2483-2492.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaohong Shi; Josthna Goli; Gordon Clark; Kristina Brauburger; Richard Michael Elliott. 2009. "Functional analysis of the Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus Gc glycoprotein." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 10: 2483-2492.
The L protein of Bunyamwera virus (BUNV; family Bunyaviridae) is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, 2238 aa in length, that catalyses transcription and replication of the negative-sense, tripartite RNA genome. To learn more about the molecular interactions of the L protein and to monitor its intracellular distribution we inserted a 14 aa V5 epitope derived from parainfluenza virus type 5, against which high-affinity antibodies are available, into different regions of the protein. Insertion of the epitope at positions 1935 or 2046 resulted in recombinant L proteins that retained functionality in a minireplicon assay. Two viable recombinant viruses, rBUNL4V5 and rBUNL5V5, expressing the tagged L protein were rescued by reverse genetics, and characterized with respect to their plaque size, growth kinetics and protein synthesis profile. The recombinant viruses behaved similarly to wild-type (wt) BUNV in BHK-21 cells, but formed smaller plaques and grew to lower titres in Vero E6 cells compared with wt BUNV. Immunofluorescent staining of infected cells showed the L protein to have a punctate to reticular distribution in the cytoplasm, and cell fractionation studies indicated that the L protein was present in both soluble and microsomal fractions. Co-immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopic assays confirmed an interaction between BUNV L and N proteins. The recombinant viruses expressing tagged L protein will be highly valuable reagents for the detailed dissection of the role of the BUNV L protein in virus replication.
Xiaohong Shi; Richard Michael Elliott. Generation and analysis of recombinant Bunyamwera orthobunyaviruses expressing V5 epitope-tagged L proteins. Journal of General Virology 2009, 90, 297 -306.
AMA StyleXiaohong Shi, Richard Michael Elliott. Generation and analysis of recombinant Bunyamwera orthobunyaviruses expressing V5 epitope-tagged L proteins. Journal of General Virology. 2009; 90 (2):297-306.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaohong Shi; Richard Michael Elliott. 2009. "Generation and analysis of recombinant Bunyamwera orthobunyaviruses expressing V5 epitope-tagged L proteins." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 2: 297-306.
The M RNA genome segment of Bunyamwera virus (BUNV), the prototype of the Bunyaviridae family, encodes a precursor polyprotein that is proteolytically cleaved to yield two structural proteins, Gn and Gc, and a nonstructural protein called NSm. Gn and Gc are type I integral transmembrane glycoproteins. The Gn protein contains a predicted cytoplasmic tail (CT) of 78 residues, and Gc has a shorter CT of 25 residues. Little is known about the role of the Gn and Gc CT domains in the virus replication cycle. We generated a series of mutant glycoprotein precursor constructs containing either deletions or alanine substitutions in the CT domains of Gn and Gc. We examined the effects of these mutations on glycoprotein maturation, cell surface expression, and low pH-induced syncytium formation. In addition, the effects of these mutations were also assessed using a reverse genetics-based virus assembly assay and a virus rescue system. Our results show that the CT domains of both Gn and Gc play crucial roles in BUNV-mediated membrane fusion, virus assembly, and morphogenesis.
Xiaohong Shi; Alain Kohl; Ping Li; Richard M. Elliott. Role of the Cytoplasmic Tail Domains of Bunyamwera Orthobunyavirus Glycoproteins Gn and Gc in Virus Assembly and Morphogenesis. Journal of Virology 2007, 81, 10151 -10160.
AMA StyleXiaohong Shi, Alain Kohl, Ping Li, Richard M. Elliott. Role of the Cytoplasmic Tail Domains of Bunyamwera Orthobunyavirus Glycoproteins Gn and Gc in Virus Assembly and Morphogenesis. Journal of Virology. 2007; 81 (18):10151-10160.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaohong Shi; Alain Kohl; Ping Li; Richard M. Elliott. 2007. "Role of the Cytoplasmic Tail Domains of Bunyamwera Orthobunyavirus Glycoproteins Gn and Gc in Virus Assembly and Morphogenesis." Journal of Virology 81, no. 18: 10151-10160.
Xiaohong Shi; Richard M. Elliott; Sugrue J. Richard. Analysis of Glycoproteins of Viruses in the Family Bunyaviridae. Glycovirology Protocols 2007, 137 -148.
AMA StyleXiaohong Shi, Richard M. Elliott, Sugrue J. Richard. Analysis of Glycoproteins of Viruses in the Family Bunyaviridae. Glycovirology Protocols. 2007; ():137-148.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaohong Shi; Richard M. Elliott; Sugrue J. Richard. 2007. "Analysis of Glycoproteins of Viruses in the Family Bunyaviridae." Glycovirology Protocols , no. : 137-148.
The membrane glycoproteins (Gn and Gc) of viruses in the family Bunyaviridae form projections on the virion envelope and are involved in virus entry and eliciting protective immunity. The glycoproteins are modified by N-linked glycosylation and accumulate in the Golgi complex where virions mature and bud. In this chapter, we describe the methods that have been used in our laboratory for the study of the glycoproteins of Bunyamwera virus, the prototype of the family. The protocols cover the expression of viral glycoproteins, examination of intracellular localization by immnunofluorescent confocal microscopy, radiolabeling, immunoprecipitation, and SDS-PAGE analysis of the proteins, and the improved reverse genetic system to rescue recombinant viruses that contain mutations at N-linked glycosylation sites.
Xiaohong Shi; Richard M. Elliott. Analysis of Glycoproteins of Viruses in the Family Bunyaviridae. Methods in Molecular Biology 2007, 379, 137 -148.
AMA StyleXiaohong Shi, Richard M. Elliott. Analysis of Glycoproteins of Viruses in the Family Bunyaviridae. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2007; 379 ():137-148.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaohong Shi; Richard M. Elliott. 2007. "Analysis of Glycoproteins of Viruses in the Family Bunyaviridae." Methods in Molecular Biology 379, no. : 137-148.
The nonstructural protein NSm of Bunyamwera virus (BUNV), the prototype of the Bunyaviridae family, is encoded by the M segment in a polyprotein precursor, along with the virion glycoproteins, in the order Gn-NSm-Gc. As little is known of its function, we examined the intracellular localization, membrane integrality, and topology of NSm and its role in virus replication. We confirmed that NSm is an integral membrane protein and that it localizes in the Golgi complex, together with Gn and Gc. Coimmunoprecipitation assays and yeast two-hybrid analysis demonstrated that NSm was able to interact with other viral proteins. NSm is predicted to contain three hydrophobic (I, III, and V) and two nonhydrophobic (II and IV) domains. The N-terminal nonhydrophobic domain II was found in the lumen of an intracellular compartment. A novel BUNV assembly assay was developed to monitor the formation of infectious virus-like-particles (VLPs). Using this assay, we showed that deletions of either the complete NSm coding region or domains I, II, and V individually seriously compromised VLP production. Consistently, we were unable to rescue viable viruses by reverse genetics from cDNA constructs that contained the same deletions. However, we could generate mutant BUNV with deletions in NSm domains III and IV and also a recombinant virus with the green fluorescent protein open reading frame inserted into NSm domain IV. The mutant viruses displayed differences in their growth properties. Overall, our data showed that the N-terminal region of NSm, which includes domain I and part of domain II, is required for virus assembly and that the C-terminal hydrophobic domain V may function as an internal signal sequence for the Gc glycoprotein.
Xiaohong Shi; Alain Kohl; Vincent H. J. Léonard; Ping Li; Angela McLees; Richard M. Elliott. Requirement of the N-Terminal Region of Orthobunyavirus Nonstructural Protein NSm for Virus Assembly and Morphogenesis. Journal of Virology 2006, 80, 8089 -8099.
AMA StyleXiaohong Shi, Alain Kohl, Vincent H. J. Léonard, Ping Li, Angela McLees, Richard M. Elliott. Requirement of the N-Terminal Region of Orthobunyavirus Nonstructural Protein NSm for Virus Assembly and Morphogenesis. Journal of Virology. 2006; 80 (16):8089-8099.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaohong Shi; Alain Kohl; Vincent H. J. Léonard; Ping Li; Angela McLees; Richard M. Elliott. 2006. "Requirement of the N-Terminal Region of Orthobunyavirus Nonstructural Protein NSm for Virus Assembly and Morphogenesis." Journal of Virology 80, no. 16: 8089-8099.