Several studies have shown the positive effect of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) on balance in patients and older adults. However, in healthy volunteers, the results are conflicting. We aimed to investigate the immediate effect of anodal ctDCS on the dynamic–static balance in healthy, non-athletic young adults due to the possible benefits for sports performance. Twenty-one healthy volunteers participated in two consecutive 20 min sessions of ctDCS (2 mA current intensity), with 1-week intervals (anodal ctDCS–sham ctDCS). Flamingo and Y-Balance tests were used to evaluate the static and dynamic balances before and after the ctDCS. A Continuous Performance Test (CPT) was used to evaluate the changes in sustained attention, impulsivity, and vigilance. A repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the changes in balance scores, reaction time, omission, and commission numbers. There were no statistically significant differences in dynamic and static balance scores and in CPT parameters between conditions. In conclusion, there was no immediate neuromodulation effect of anodal ctDCS to improve balance performance in healthy, young individuals. Furthermore, no evidence was found to support the use of cerebellar tDCS to improve sports performance.

Background: This study sought to determine whether (1) evidence is available of interactions between anodal tDCS and oscillated tDCS stimulation patterns to increase the power of endogenous brain oscillations and (2) the frequency matching the applied anodal otDCS’s frequency and the brain’s dominant intrinsic frequency influence power shifting during stimulation pattern sessions by both anodal DCS and anodal oscillated DCS. Method: Rats received different anodal tDCS and otDCS stimulation patterns using 8.5 Hz and 13 Hz state-related dominant intrinsic frequencies of anodal otDCS. The rats were divided into groups with specific stimulation patterns: group A: tDCS–otDCS (8.5 Hz)–otDCS (13 Hz); group B: otDCS (8.5 Hz)–tDCS–otDCS (13 Hz); group C: otDCS (13 Hz)–tDCS–otDCS (8.5 Hz). Acute relative power changes (i.e., following 10 min stimulation sessions) in six frequency bands—delta (1.5–4 Hz), theta (4–7 Hz), alpha-1 (7–10 Hz), alpha-2 (10–12 Hz), beta-1 (12–15 Hz) and beta-2 (15–20 Hz)—were compared using three factors and repeated ANOVA measurement. Results: For each stimulation, tDCS increased theta power band and, above bands alpha and beta, a drop in delta power was observed. Anodal otDCS had a mild increasing power effect in both matched intrinsic and delta bands. In group pattern stimulations, increased power of endogenous frequencies matched exogenous otDCS frequencies—8.5 Hz or 13 Hz—with more potent effects in upper bands. The power was markedly more potent with the otDCS–tDCS stimulation pattern than the tDCS–otDCS pattern. Significance: The findings suggest that the otDCS–tDCS pattern stimulation increased the power in matched intrinsic oscillations and, significantly, in the above bands in an ascending order. We provide evidence for the successful corporation between otDCS (as frequency-matched guidance) and tDCS (as a power generator) rather than tDCS alone when stimulating a desired brain intrinsic band (herein, tES specificity).

Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a multifactorial disorder with complex etiology and strong genetic underpinnings. The symptoms of ADHD predispose to accidents, create strain in interpersonal relationships, and disrupt the environment through interruptions and inappropriate behavior. It is notable that the more overt symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity tend to wane early in life, whereas the more covert symptom of inattention tends to persist over time. Adults with retrospectively defined childhood-onset and persistent ADHD show a pattern of psychological dysfunction, psychosocial disability, psychiatric comorbidity, and school failure that resembles the well-known features of childhood ADHD. Follow-up studies have found that 5-66% of children with ADHD persist with this disorder in adulthood. Current epidemiologic studies estimate the prevalence of adult ADHD to be between 3% and 5%. The treatment of ADHD mainly consists of using stimulatory drugs. The stimulating drugs have cardiovascular risks especially for adults. Neurofeedback treatment had been shown to be effective in ADHD and impulse control. Neurofeedback treatment has no known cardiovascular or other morbidity and/or mortality increasing effects. Methods: In this study the preliminary findings of six adult ADHD patients (age 22-32; 2F, 4M) were reported. The ADHD subjects (DSM-IV TR) who had either diagnosed as ADHD in childhood or had fulfilled the scores for Wender-Utah Rating Scale for ADHD in Adults (Turkish version) were enrolled for the study. They were given Adult ADD/ADHD DSM IV- based Diagnostic, Screening and Rating Scale (Turkish version) and their ERP were recorded before and after training. The training consisted of either SMR increase/theta decrease or beta increase-SMR increases/theta decrease in combination. Results: All the patients had smaller P300 amplitudes than their age appropriate normal counterparts. After 40 treatment sessions Adult ADD/ADHD Diagnostic and Rating Inventory scores decreased more than 50% and P300 amplitudes increased between 50-100%. Discussion: A low P3 amplitude is present in various disinhibitory conditions such as substance abuse (Herning, 1996, Biggins et al., 1997, Brigham et al., 1997, Anokhin et al., 2000 and Iacono et al., 2003), antisocial personality (Hesselbrock et al., 1993, O'Connor et al., 1994 and Costa et al., 2000), conduct disorder (Iacono et al., 2002), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (Frank et al., 1998, Rubia et al., 1998, Pliszka et al., 2000 andBranderies et al,2002; Klorman, 1991 and van der Stelt et al., 2001). SMR and beta training were shown to increase P3 amplitude in normals (Egner and Gruzelier, 2004) by increasing inhibitory control and arousal which is also defective in ADD samples. Our preliminary results indicate that neurofeedback training is an effective candidate treatment modality for adult ADHD. P3b amplitude and MMN latency can be a useful electrophysiological tool to follow up the progress of NF training.