Outrunner brushless DC motors (BLDC) are a type of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) widely used in electric micro-mobility vehicles, such as scooters, electric bicycles, wheelchairs, and segways, among others. Those vehicles have many operational constraints because they are driven directly by the user with light protective wearing. Therefore, to improve control strategies to make the drive safer, it is essential to model the traction system over a wide range of operating conditions in a street environment. In this work, we developed an electro-mechanical model based on the Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) structure for a two-wheeler electric scooter, using the BLDC motor to explore its response and to test linear controllers for speed and torque management under variable operating conditions. The proposed model includes motor parameters, power electronics component characteristics, mechanical structure, and external operating conditions. Meanwhile the linear controllers will be adjusted or tuned though a heuristic approach based on Genetic Algorithms (GAs) to optimize the system’s response. The HIL scheme will be able to simulate a wide range of conditions such as user weight, slopes, wind speed changes, and combined conditions. The designed model can be used to improve the design of the controller and estimate mechanical and electrical loads. Finally, the results of the controller tests show how the proposed cascade scheme, tuned through the GA, improves the system behavior and reduces the mean square error with respect to a classical tuning approach between 20% and 60%.

Milk is considered a complete meal that requires supervision to determine its suitability for human consumption. The development of sustainable devices that evaluate food properties has gained importance due to the necessity of integrating these instruments into the production chain. However, the materials employed to develop it, such as polymers, semiconductors, and glass, lack sustainability and require specialized equipment to fabricate them. Different chemical techniques have been used to miniaturize these detection systems such as microfluidics, which have been used in milk component detection using colorimetry. In this work, a cantilever beam paper-based microfluidic system is proposed to evaluate differences in milk, according to nutritional information, using its electromechanical response. A 20-microliter milk drop is deposited in the system, which induces hygroexpansion and deflection due to liquid transport within the paper. Likewise, a conductive path is added on the beam top surface to supply a constant current that induces heat to evaporate the solution. According to the results obtained, it is possible to point out differences between trademarks with this microfluidic system. The novelty of this system relies on the paper electromechanical response that integrates the hygroexpansion-induced displacement, which can be used for further applications such as milk microtesters instead of colorimetric tests that use paper as a property-evaluation platform in combination with chemical reactions.