The demand for vaccines, particularly those prepared from non-conventional sources, is rising due to the emergence of drug resistance around the globe. Probiotic-based vaccines are a wise example of such vaccines which represent new horizons in the field of vaccinology in providing an enhanced and diversified immune response. The justification for incorporating probiotics into vaccines lies in the fact that that they hold the capacity to regulate immune function directly or indirectly by influencing the gastrointestinal microbiota and related pathways. Several animal-model-based studies have also highlighted the efficacy of these vaccines. The aim of this review is to collect and summarize the trends in the recent scientific literature regarding the role of probiotics in vaccines and vaccinology, along with their impact on target populations.

Malaria has long been a significant global health concern, listed as a high-priority disease by several global health agencies, despite of several control measures have been put in place. Most widely utilized treatment options for malaria include chloroquine, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), and quinine. However, challenges, such as drug resistance, misdiagnosis, and limited treatment efficacy remain major concerns. Despite ongoing efforts, the development of an effective malaria vaccine is still debatable. Many existing malaria treatments have drawbacks, such as low water solubility, poor bioavailability, and a rise in drug-resistant parasites owing to their non-judicious use, which contributes to increased malaria cases and fatalities. Nanotechnology presents a promising approach to safer and more effective malaria therapy and control. Nanoparticles offer several advantages over conventional treatments, including high drug-loading capacity, targeted delivery, improved biocompatibility, and reduced toxicity in host cells. Green nanotechnology-based antimalarial therapies have demonstrated potential therapeutic benefits, enhanced safety, and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional treatments, ultimately improving patient compliance and treatment outcomes. In this review paper, we discussed non-conventional breakpoints in the malarial life cycle, traditional herbal remedies for malaria, and nanoparticle-based delivery systems. Additionally, we reviewed the antimalarial effects of herbal nano-formulations, their pharmacological and therapeutic potential, drug-resistant malaria, preventive strategies, vector control using green nanomaterials, and the challenges associated with plant-based nanotechnologies. This review suggests nanotechnology-based therapeutics as promising candidates to treat malaria with significant room for applications and commercialization potential in the longer run.

This research work was conducted to investigate the anatomical and antioxidant studies of some ethnoveterinary grasses (Cenchrus pennisetiformis and Dichanthium annulatum). The anatomical characteristics (compact epidermal layer, large cortical cells, thickened sclerenchyma, central and scattered vascular bundles, large metaxylem, small protoxylem, and centrally located pith) were observed. For the antioxidant activity studies, the crude methanol extract was prepared by maceration techniques and different fractions were prepared (n-hexane, chloroform, and aqueous solution). The maximum antioxidant potential in DPPH was shown by C. pennisetiformis at a concentration of 250 μL in the chloroform fraction, while D. annulatum showed a maximum value of 68.47±0.30 at a concentration of 250 μL in the methanolic extract. In both species, chloroform extract in TAA showed maximum potency at a concentration of 500 μL, but C. pennisetiformis showed a higher value (i.e. 1.15±0.0018) and D. annulatum showed a lever value (i.e. 1.05±0.0017). The best reducing power in FRAP was shown by D. annulatum followed by C. pennisetiformis. C. pennisetiformis showed the highest value in the chloroform fraction while D. annulatum showed a higher significant value in the methanol fraction. These grasses have the potential to control several diseases caused by ROS in animals.