Using artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based therapies’ design, production, and delivery is a novel and promising approach. This review provides an overview of the current applications and challenges of AI for CAR-based therapies and suggests some directions for future research and development. This paper examines some of the recent advances of AI for CAR-based therapies, for example, using deep learning (DL) to design CARs that target multiple antigens and avoid antigen escape; using natural language processing to extract relevant information from clinical reports and literature; using computer vision to analyze the morphology and phenotype of CAR cells; using reinforcement learning to optimize the dose and schedule of CAR infusion; and using AI to predict the efficacy and toxicity of CAR-based therapies. These applications demonstrate the potential of AI to improve the quality and efficiency of CAR-based therapies and to provide personalized and precise treatments for cancer patients. However, there are also some challenges and limitations of using AI for CAR-based therapies, for example, the lack of high-quality and standardized data; the need for validation and verification of AI models; the risk of bias and error in AI outputs; the ethical, legal, and social issues of using AI for health care; and the possible impact of AI on the human role and responsibility in cancer immunotherapy. It is important to establish a multidisciplinary collaboration among researchers, clinicians, regulators, and patients to address these challenges and to ensure the safe and responsible use of AI for CAR-based therapies.

Neurodegenerative disorders pose a substantial risk to human health, and oxidative stress, cholinergic dysfunction, and inflammation are the major contributors. The purpose of this study was to explore the neuroprotective effects of oat protein hydrolysate (OPH) and identify peptides with neuroprotective potential. This study is the first to isolate and identify OPH peptides with neuroprotective potential, including DFVADHPFLF (DF-10), HGQNFPIL (HL-8), and RDFPITWPW (RW-9), by screening via peptidomes and molecular-docking simulations. These peptides showed positive effects on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and thus reduced oxidative stress through regulation of Nrf2-keap1/HO-1 gene expression in vitro and in vivo. The peptides also significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in the zebrafish model. This improvement was correlated with mitigation of MDA levels, AChE activity, and levels of inflammatory cytokines in the brains of zebrafish. Furthermore, these peptides significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of Bdnf, Nrf2, and Erg1 in the brains of zebrafish with neurodegenerative disorders. Collectively, oat peptides have potential for use as active components in nutraceutical applications for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.

The heat treatment required for the deactivation of enzymes was carried out on crop species such as oats. Stir-frying, a frequently employed method for enzyme inactivation to preserve their desirable shelf life, can result in diminished nutritional value and protein degeneration. The mechanism by which stir-frying affects the oat protein remains largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the physicochemical and functional properties of the extracted oat protein isolates (OPI) at different stir-frying durations (0, 10, 20, and 30 min) at a temperature of 230 °C. The findings of this study demonstrated that stir-frying led to a decrease in the content of amino acids (AA), potentially attributed to the involvement of certain amino acids in the Maillard reaction. As the time of stir-frying increased, the secondary structure of OPI underwent changes: specifically, β-turns transformed into β-sheets. The process of protein denaturation and redistribution of chemical bonds resulted in an increase in the disulfide bond content of OPI, leading to aggregation, large particle size, and reduced digestibility. However, the water retention properties, foaming properties, and emulsification properties of OPI showed improvement. These findings provide valuable insights for the controlled and precise processing of oats and highlight the potential of OPI as a functional food.

Introduction: Dates (Phoenix dactylifera), often questioned for their high sugar content, may provide anti-diabetic benefits through their phytochemicals. Date vinegar offers a potentially effective alternative with reduced sugar content and enhanced bioactivity. This study evaluated the effects of date vinegar on glycemic control and lipid profiles in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and dyslipidemia while exploring the molecular mechanisms of its bioactive compounds in managing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and T2DM.Methods: A 10-week randomized controlled trial assessed the clinical effects of date vinegar. Complementary experiments explored therapeutic mechanisms through computational analysis and assessed sugar reduction and bioactive preservation under varying drying conditions. Fifty adults with T2DM and dyslipidemia were randomized into two groups: 25 participants received 20 mL of date vinegar daily, while 25 received a placebo. Clinical parameters were measured, including HbA1c, LDL cholesterol, and fasting blood sugar. Computational docking and molecular dynamics simulations investigated interactions of bioactive compounds with key protein targets.Results: Significant improvements were observed: HbA1c reduced from 6.85 to 6.08%, LDL cholesterol from 121.05 to 111.09 mg/dL, and fasting blood sugar from 168.4 to 147.6 mg/dL (p < 0.05). Key compounds with stable protein-ligand complexes confirmed were bound to targets such as ACE, β1AR, hATRs, AR, DPP-IV, and SGLT1. Higher drying temperatures reduced sugar content to match fresh dates but compromised bioactive integrity.Conclusion: Date vinegar offers a dual target therapeutic strategy for managing T2DM and CVDs, supported by clinical and computational findings.