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The urban heat island effect caused by the rapid increase in urban anthropogenic heat has gradually become an important factor affecting the living environment of urban residents. Studying the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of urban anthropogenic heat is of great significance for urban planning and urban ecological service systems. In this study, the urban anthropogenic heat flux (AHF) in 2004, 2009, 2014, and 2020 in the central urban area of Guangzhou was retrieved based on Landsat data and the surface energy balance equation, and the temporal and spatial characteristics of different types of anthropogenic heat were explored by combining the transfer matrix and the migration of the gravity center. The results showed that: (1) The overall change trend of anthropogenic heat in the central urban area of Guangzhou was enhanced, and the degree of enhancement was related to the type of urban functional land. (2) Different types of anthropogenic heat had different characteristics in terms of area expansion and spatial changes. Low-value anthropogenic heat (zero-AHF zone, low-AHF zone, medium-AHF zone) changed drastically in terms of area expansion. High-value anthropogenic heat (medium-AHF zone, high-AHF zone) changed more drastically in space. The increase in urban population, rapid economic development, and increased industrial production activities have stimulated the emission of anthropogenic heat, which has a positive impact on the intensity of anthropogenic heat.
Ting Peng; Caige Sun; Shanshan Feng; Yongdong Zhang; Fenglei Fan. Temporal and Spatial Variation of Anthropogenic Heat in the Central Urban Area: A Case Study of Guangzhou, China. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2021, 10, 160 .
AMA StyleTing Peng, Caige Sun, Shanshan Feng, Yongdong Zhang, Fenglei Fan. Temporal and Spatial Variation of Anthropogenic Heat in the Central Urban Area: A Case Study of Guangzhou, China. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10 (3):160.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTing Peng; Caige Sun; Shanshan Feng; Yongdong Zhang; Fenglei Fan. 2021. "Temporal and Spatial Variation of Anthropogenic Heat in the Central Urban Area: A Case Study of Guangzhou, China." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 3: 160.
Cities are growing higher and denser, and understanding and constructing the compact city form is of great importance to optimize sustainable urbanization. The two-dimensional (2D) urban compact form has been widely studied by previous researchers, while the driving mechanism of three-dimensional (3D) compact morphology, which reflects the reality of the urban environment has seldom been developed. In this study, land surface temperature (LST) was retrieved by using the mono-window algorithm method based on Landsat 8 images of Xiamen in South China, which were acquired respectively on 14 April, 15 August, 2 October, and 21 December in 2017, and 11 March in 2018. We then aimed to explore the driving mechanism of the 3D compact form on the urban heat environment (UHE) based on our developed 3D Compactness Index (VCI) and remote sensing, as well as Geo-Detector techniques. The results show that the 3D compact form can positively effect UHE better than individual urban form construction elements, as can the combination of the 2D compact form with building height. Individually, building density had a greater effect on UHE than that of building height. At the same time, an integration of building density and height showed an enhanced inter-effect on UHE. Moreover, we explore the temporal and spatial UHE heterogeneity with regards to 3D compact form across different seasons. We also investigate the UHE impacts discrepancy caused by different 3D compactness categories. This shows that increasing the 3D compactness of an urban community from 0.016 to 0.323 would increase the heat accumulation, which was, in terms of satellite derived LST, by 1.35 °C, suggesting that higher compact forms strengthen UHE. This study highlights the challenge of the urban 3D compact form in respect of its UHE impact. The related evaluation in this study would help shed light on urban form optimization.
Han Yan; Kai Wang; Tao Lin; Guoqin Zhang; Caige Sun; Xinyue Hu; Hong Ye. The Challenge of the Urban Compact Form: Three-Dimensional Index Construction and Urban Land Surface Temperature Impacts. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 1067 .
AMA StyleHan Yan, Kai Wang, Tao Lin, Guoqin Zhang, Caige Sun, Xinyue Hu, Hong Ye. The Challenge of the Urban Compact Form: Three-Dimensional Index Construction and Urban Land Surface Temperature Impacts. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (6):1067.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan Yan; Kai Wang; Tao Lin; Guoqin Zhang; Caige Sun; Xinyue Hu; Hong Ye. 2021. "The Challenge of the Urban Compact Form: Three-Dimensional Index Construction and Urban Land Surface Temperature Impacts." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6: 1067.
This study explored the model of urban impervious surface (IS) density, land surface temperature (LST), and comprehensive ecological evaluation index (CEEI) from urban centers to suburbs. The interrelationships between these parameters in Guangzhou from 1987 to 2019 were analyzed using time-series Landsat-5 TM (Thematic Mapper), Landsat-8 OLI (Operational Land Imager), and TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor) images. The urban IS densities were calculated in concentric rings using time-series IS fractions, which were used to construct an inverse S-shaped urban IS density function to depict changes in urban form and the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban expansion from the urban center to the suburbs. The results indicated that Guangzhou experienced expansive urban growth, with the patterns of urban spatial structure changing from a single-center to a multi-center structure over the past 32 years. Next, the normalized LST and CEEI in each concentric ring were calculated, and their variation trends from the urban center to the suburbs were modeled using linear and nonlinear functions, respectively. The results showed that the normalized LST had a gradual decreasing trend from the urban center to the suburbs, while the CEEI showed a significant increasing trend. During the 32-year rapid urban development, the normalized LST difference between the urban center and suburbs increased gradually with time, and the CEEI significantly decreased. This indicated that rapid urbanization significantly expanded the impervious surface areas in Guangzhou, leading to an increase in the LST difference between urban centers and suburbs and a deterioration in ecological quality. Finally, the potential interrelationships among urban IS density, normalized LST, and CEEI were also explored using different models. This study revealed that rapid urbanization has produced geographical convergence between several ISs, which may increase the risk of the urban heat island effect and degradation of ecological quality.
Jianhui Xu; Yi Zhao; Caige Sun; Hanbin Liang; Ji Yang; Kaiwen Zhong; Yong Li; Xulong Liu. Exploring the Variation Trend of Urban Expansion, Land Surface Temperature, and Ecological Quality and Their Interrelationships in Guangzhou, China, from 1987 to 2019. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 1019 .
AMA StyleJianhui Xu, Yi Zhao, Caige Sun, Hanbin Liang, Ji Yang, Kaiwen Zhong, Yong Li, Xulong Liu. Exploring the Variation Trend of Urban Expansion, Land Surface Temperature, and Ecological Quality and Their Interrelationships in Guangzhou, China, from 1987 to 2019. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (5):1019.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJianhui Xu; Yi Zhao; Caige Sun; Hanbin Liang; Ji Yang; Kaiwen Zhong; Yong Li; Xulong Liu. 2021. "Exploring the Variation Trend of Urban Expansion, Land Surface Temperature, and Ecological Quality and Their Interrelationships in Guangzhou, China, from 1987 to 2019." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5: 1019.
The intensity of human activity, habitat loss and habitat degradation have significant impacts on biodiversity. Habitat quality plays an important role in spatial dynamics when evaluating fragmented landscapes and the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation. This study aimed to evaluate the status and characteristic variation in habitat quality to analyze the underlying factors affecting habitat quality in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). Here, we applied Kendall’s rank correlation method to calculate the sensitivity of habitat types to threat factors for the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs habitat quality (InVEST-HQ) model. The spatiotemporal variation in habitat quality of the GBA in the period 1995–2015 was estimated based on the InVEST-HQ model. We analyzed the characteristic habitat quality using different ecosystem classifications and at different elevation gradients. Fractional vegetation cover, the proportion of impervious surface, population distribution and gross domestic product were included as the effect factors for habitat quality. The correlation between the effect factors and habitat quality was analyzed using Pearson’s correlation tests. The results showed that the spatial pattern of habitat quality decreased from fringe areas to central areas in the GBA, that the forest ecosystem had the highest value of habitat quality, and that habitat quality increased with elevation. In the period from 1995 to 2015, habitat quality declined markedly and this could be related to vegetation loss, land use change and intensity of human activity. Built-up land expansion and forest land fragmentation were clear markers of land use change. This study has great significance as an operational approach to mitigating the tradeoff between natural environment conservation and rapid economic development.
Linlin Wu; Caige Sun; Fenglei Fan. Estimating the Characteristic Spatiotemporal Variation in Habitat Quality Using the InVEST Model—A Case Study from Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 1008 .
AMA StyleLinlin Wu, Caige Sun, Fenglei Fan. Estimating the Characteristic Spatiotemporal Variation in Habitat Quality Using the InVEST Model—A Case Study from Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (5):1008.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinlin Wu; Caige Sun; Fenglei Fan. 2021. "Estimating the Characteristic Spatiotemporal Variation in Habitat Quality Using the InVEST Model—A Case Study from Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5: 1008.
The interaction between urbanization and the eco-environment is usually viewed as an effect–feedback framework. Its coupling system is composed of urbanization and eco-environment subsystems. In this paper, the coupling degree (CD) and the coupling coordinated degree (CCD) are used to reflect the coupling interaction and coupling coordination between the urbanization subsystem and the eco-environment subsystem. Based on the dynamic relative quantities of urbanization and eco-environment data in the Pearl River Delta, CD and CCD values were calculated, and the spatiotemporal evolution trend of coordination was analyzed. The results show that (1) from 2000 to 2015, the nine cities in the Pearl River Delta had high CD values and CCD values. Though they had different performances in different periods, they were all in a coordinated class, including good coordination (GC), moderate coordination (MC), and bare coordination (BC). (2) In terms of temporal evolution, the coupling coordination between urbanization and the eco-environment in the entire Pearl River Delta greatly improved. (3) From the perspective of spatial distribution, the coupling coordination of the central region was higher than that of the peripheral regions, and that of the west bank of the Pearl River was higher than that of the east bank of the Pearl River. These results can help local policy makers enact appropriate measures for sustainable development.
Caige Sun; Shengyong Zhang; Chuncheng Song; Jianhui Xu; Fenglei Fan. Investigation of Dynamic Coupling Coordination between Urbanization and the Eco-Environment—A Case Study in the Pearl River Delta Area. Land 2021, 10, 190 .
AMA StyleCaige Sun, Shengyong Zhang, Chuncheng Song, Jianhui Xu, Fenglei Fan. Investigation of Dynamic Coupling Coordination between Urbanization and the Eco-Environment—A Case Study in the Pearl River Delta Area. Land. 2021; 10 (2):190.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaige Sun; Shengyong Zhang; Chuncheng Song; Jianhui Xu; Fenglei Fan. 2021. "Investigation of Dynamic Coupling Coordination between Urbanization and the Eco-Environment—A Case Study in the Pearl River Delta Area." Land 10, no. 2: 190.
Impervious surface area (ISA) is an important representation of urban area. It is very popular to extract ISA by using linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA). However, there are still some defects in this method: underestimated in areas with a large amount of ISA. Hence, we designed a threshold hierarchical method (THM) to test this underestimation and understand which scale is the best to mixture. The capacity of the THM and the optimal threshold in the impervious surface extraction are the focus in this work. In THM model, the medium-resolution image (Landsat 8 OLI) and the high-resolution image (Gaofen-2, GF-2) were used, the LSMA and the object-oriented method (OOM) were applied for the area with a larger amount of impervious surfaces, which was extracted from the Landsat 8 OLI image after finishing the LSMA procedure by a threshold of the ISA abundance data, the GF-2 image was employed to extract the ISA by OOM. The results show that the THM had the capacity to achieve higher ISA extraction accuracy and ameliorate the ISA underestimate problem.
Caige Sun; Hao Chen; Fenglei Fan; Caige Sun. Improving Accuracy of Impervious Surface Extraction Based on a Threshold Hierarchical Method (THM). Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 8409 .
AMA StyleCaige Sun, Hao Chen, Fenglei Fan, Caige Sun. Improving Accuracy of Impervious Surface Extraction Based on a Threshold Hierarchical Method (THM). Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (23):8409.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaige Sun; Hao Chen; Fenglei Fan; Caige Sun. 2020. "Improving Accuracy of Impervious Surface Extraction Based on a Threshold Hierarchical Method (THM)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23: 8409.
Green roofs are thought to be an effective measure to solve the contradiction between land shortages and ecological construction, especially address urban heat island (UHI) effects in high-density urban areas. However, few empirical studies have focused on the cooling effect of green roof projects at urban scales. This study quantified the cooling effect of green roofs in Xiamen Island, China, where 540,000 m2 of green roofs were implemented between 2015 and 2017, in order to address the two research questions: (1) do green roofs in high-density urban areas have a significant cooling effect at the city scale and (2) what is the extent of the cooling? The relative difference between the average land surface temperature (LST) of Xiamen Island and the green roofs stemmed from Landsat 8 remote sensing image in the summers of 2014 and 2017 were calculated in geographic information systems (GIS) to represent the cooling effect of green roof project. Results showed that: (1) the average LST difference between green roofs and Xiamen Island decreased by 0.91 °C, indicating that green roofs could effectively alleviate UHI effects in high-density urban areas; (2) The cooling effect was significant up to 100 m from the green roof installation in Xiamen Island, we called it as characteristic cooling buffer zone; (3) Regression analysis revealed that for every 1000 m2 increase in green roof area, the average LST of the roof and its characteristic cooling buffer zone decreased by 0.4 °C. These findings provide the empirical proof for the cooling effect of green roofs on the surrounding environment in high-density urban areas and important insights for urban planners and government agencies for the effective mitigation of UHI impacts.
Jing Dong; Meixia Lin; Jin Zuo; Tao Lin; Jiakun Liu; Caige Sun; Jiancheng Luo. Quantitative study on the cooling effect of green roofs in a high-density urban Area—A case study of Xiamen, China. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 255, 120152 .
AMA StyleJing Dong, Meixia Lin, Jin Zuo, Tao Lin, Jiakun Liu, Caige Sun, Jiancheng Luo. Quantitative study on the cooling effect of green roofs in a high-density urban Area—A case study of Xiamen, China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 255 ():120152.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJing Dong; Meixia Lin; Jin Zuo; Tao Lin; Jiakun Liu; Caige Sun; Jiancheng Luo. 2020. "Quantitative study on the cooling effect of green roofs in a high-density urban Area—A case study of Xiamen, China." Journal of Cleaner Production 255, no. : 120152.
Urban agglomeration (the spread of cities into large agglomerations) has become the main form of urbanization in China, and natural ecosystems surrounding the urban areas are becoming degraded and fragmented as a result. Although ecological indicators have been widely used to assess the regional ecological stress resulting from urbanization, few of them consider spatial adjacency relationships between urban and natural landscapes. From this perspective a novel ecological indicator, the Eco-Erosion Index (EEI), was developed and applied to assess the regional ecological stress caused by urban agglomeration development across 26 cities in the Yangtze River Delta, China (YRD). We analyzed: i) temporal change in land use and land cover (LULC) and ecosystem services value (ESV) in YRD from 1990 to 2010, ii) spatiotemporal dynamics of EEI of YRD at different scales: provincial, municipal, and 5 km-grid, iii) inter-relationships between EEI and LULC and ESV to explore its effectiveness as an indicator. The results showed that urban agglomeration in YRD has led to increasing regional ecological stress from 1990 to 2010. EEI values increased from 0.197 in 1990 to 0.321 in 2010. The closer to Shanghai City, the greater the EEI values of the cities become. EEI is highly related with LULC and ESV but integrates these two variables as it represents both the spatial occupation and landscape adjacency effects. The EEI values demonstrate some scale effects, and EEI at fine scale provides useful information to guide sustainable urban landscape management.
Meixia Lin; Tao Lin; Caige Sun; Laurence Jones; Jinling Sui; Yu Zhao; Jiakun Liu; Li Xing; Hong Ye; Guoqin Zhang; Xinhu Li. Using the Eco-Erosion Index to assess regional ecological stress due to urbanization – A case study in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. Ecological Indicators 2019, 111, 106028 .
AMA StyleMeixia Lin, Tao Lin, Caige Sun, Laurence Jones, Jinling Sui, Yu Zhao, Jiakun Liu, Li Xing, Hong Ye, Guoqin Zhang, Xinhu Li. Using the Eco-Erosion Index to assess regional ecological stress due to urbanization – A case study in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. Ecological Indicators. 2019; 111 ():106028.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeixia Lin; Tao Lin; Caige Sun; Laurence Jones; Jinling Sui; Yu Zhao; Jiakun Liu; Li Xing; Hong Ye; Guoqin Zhang; Xinhu Li. 2019. "Using the Eco-Erosion Index to assess regional ecological stress due to urbanization – A case study in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration." Ecological Indicators 111, no. : 106028.
In the process of compact city development, the limited availability of the land resources for green space (GS) would represent a major challenge for urban environments. In this paper, the long-term compact urbanization process of an island city (Xiamen, China) was selected as an example to analyze the historical spatial patterns of GS within the built environment. This study focused on urban GS at a neighborhood scale to analyze GS on a fine scale. Urban GS was extracted using the normalized difference vegetation index based on GF-1 remote sensing images. The results revealed several trends: (1) Newer built-up areas had a larger proportion of GS, more diversified GS types, and larger per-capita GS area. (2) The proportion of GS within various urban functional land use types presented great differences, both at the class level (age of the built-up area) and at the landscape level (the entire built-up area). (3) Significant differences in the proportion of GS and per-capita GS area were identified among various residential land types. The results from this study can contribute to the practical application of urban planning and policy-making.
Caige Sun; Tao Lin; Qianjun Zhao; Xinhu Li; Hong Ye; Guo-Qin Zhang; Xiaofang Liu; Yu Zhao. Spatial pattern of urban green spaces in a long-term compact urbanization process—A case study in China. Ecological Indicators 2017, 96, 111 -119.
AMA StyleCaige Sun, Tao Lin, Qianjun Zhao, Xinhu Li, Hong Ye, Guo-Qin Zhang, Xiaofang Liu, Yu Zhao. Spatial pattern of urban green spaces in a long-term compact urbanization process—A case study in China. Ecological Indicators. 2017; 96 ():111-119.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaige Sun; Tao Lin; Qianjun Zhao; Xinhu Li; Hong Ye; Guo-Qin Zhang; Xiaofang Liu; Yu Zhao. 2017. "Spatial pattern of urban green spaces in a long-term compact urbanization process—A case study in China." Ecological Indicators 96, no. : 111-119.
Residential spatial differentiation, also called residential segregation, is a representation of the differentiation of social stratum in economic income, social status, education degree, lifestyle, and other aspects, based on an urban geographical space. In this paper, Xiamen Island is taken as example to calculate the dissimilarity index and the multi-group dissimilarity index at three scales (districts, sub-districts, and communities) by using the land area, population size, and green space area of different housing types. The characteristics of residential differentiation are analyzed. It is found that both spatial differentiation and multi-group spatial differentiation have significant scale effects. The smaller the scale of the spatial statistics unit, the larger the spatial differentiation and multi-group spatial differentiation. Significant differences are found in residential differentiation among different housing types. The residential differentiation is, not only demonstrated in land area and population size, but also in the resources of green space. More importantly, a balanced allocation of green space will help to reduce the degree of residential differentiation. With urban expansion and social-economic development, residential spatial differentiation will likely change. An understanding of residential differentiation is a guide for urban master planning and detailed regulatory planning. It will help to promote social harmonious development and urban sustainable development by the reasonable configuration of land and resources.
Caige Sun; Tao Lin; Yu Zhao; Meixia Lin; Zhaowu Yu. Residential Spatial Differentiation Based on Urban Housing Types—An Empirical Study of Xiamen Island, China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1777 .
AMA StyleCaige Sun, Tao Lin, Yu Zhao, Meixia Lin, Zhaowu Yu. Residential Spatial Differentiation Based on Urban Housing Types—An Empirical Study of Xiamen Island, China. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (10):1777.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaige Sun; Tao Lin; Yu Zhao; Meixia Lin; Zhaowu Yu. 2017. "Residential Spatial Differentiation Based on Urban Housing Types—An Empirical Study of Xiamen Island, China." Sustainability 9, no. 10: 1777.
Since there is an increasing demand for integrating landscape ecology and urban planning theories to study complex urban ecosystems and establish rational and ecological urban planning, we introduced a new concept-urban functional landscapes which can be reclassified based on detailed land use data to fulfill the various urban functions, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure purposes. In this paper, urban functional landscapes were defined based on urban land use data produced from Pleiades images, and then landscape metrics and population density were combined to identify the urban functional zones along an urban–rural gradient. The features of urban functional landscape patterns and population density were also analyzed, and their relationship has been explored. The results showed that the pattern of urban functional landscapes and population density in the urban functional zones (Urban center, Urban peripheral area, Landscape barrier, Satellite city and Far-suburb) along the urban–rural gradient in Xiamen doesn't totally conform to the classical theories in spatial and social aspects. Urban functional landscapes is potential of acting as bridges between the landscape ecology and urban planning theories, providing scientific support for rational urban landscape planning and urban land use policy making.
Tao Lin; Caige Sun; Xinhu Li; Qianjun Zhao; Guoqin Zhang; Rubing Ge; Hong Ye; Ning Huang; Kai Yin. Spatial pattern of urban functional landscapes along an urban–rural gradient: A case study in Xiamen City, China. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 2015, 46, 22 -30.
AMA StyleTao Lin, Caige Sun, Xinhu Li, Qianjun Zhao, Guoqin Zhang, Rubing Ge, Hong Ye, Ning Huang, Kai Yin. Spatial pattern of urban functional landscapes along an urban–rural gradient: A case study in Xiamen City, China. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 2015; 46 ():22-30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTao Lin; Caige Sun; Xinhu Li; Qianjun Zhao; Guoqin Zhang; Rubing Ge; Hong Ye; Ning Huang; Kai Yin. 2015. "Spatial pattern of urban functional landscapes along an urban–rural gradient: A case study in Xiamen City, China." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 46, no. : 22-30.