Through the recovery and reuse of agricultural waste, the extraction and consumption of natural aggregates can be reduced to realize the sustainable development of the construction industry. Therefore, this paper utilizes the inexpensive, surplus, clean, and environmentally friendly waste agricultural material walnut shell to partially replace the fine aggregates in mortar to prepare environmentally friendly mortar. Considering the decrease in mortar performance after mixing walnut shells, basalt fibers of different lengths (3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm) and different dosages (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) were mixed in the mortar. The reinforcing effect of basalt fibers on walnut shell mortar was investigated by mechanical property tests, impact resistance tests, and freeze–thaw cycle tests. The damage prediction model was established based on the Weibull model and gray model (GM (1,1) model), and the model accuracy was analyzed. The experimental results showed that after adding basalt fibers, the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the specimens with a length of 6 mm and a doping amount of 0.2% increased by 13.98%, 48.15%, and 43.75%, respectively, and the fibers effectively improved the defects inside the walnut shell mortar. The R²s in the Weibull model were greater than 87.38%, and the average relative error between the predicted life of the impacts and the measured values was greater than 87.38%. The average relative errors in the GM (1,1) model ranged from 0.81% to 2.19%, and the accuracy analyses were all of the first order.

Engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) are a type of high-performance composite material, but in practical applications, ECCs that combine high strength with high toughness have greater development potential. Moreover, there is currently no unified standard or method for assessing the bending toughness of ECCs. This study is based on the Modified Andreasen and Andersen model (MAA) design ratio of the closest packing theory to investigate the effect of changes in the water–binder ratio and fiber content, where the water–binder ratio is taken as 0.19, 0.22, and 0.25, and the fiber content is taken as 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%, respectively, to improve the comprehensive performance of ECCs. Information about tensile strength, bending strength, tensile toughness, and bending toughness is examined. Three different ways to measure bending toughness are compared and improved; the energy factor E_ms is used to measure bending toughness, and a response surface methodology is used to design and test the best mix ratio. The results indicate that when the water–binder ratio is 0.22 and the fiber content is 1.9%, the performance is optimal. Compared with the prediction group, the measured group presented an increase in tensile strength of 2.64%, a decrease in bending strength of 3.39%, an increase in tensile toughness of 3.22%, and an increase in the energy factor E_ms of 1.21%. This finding indicates that the response surface optimization improved the performance of the ECCs in various aspects.