In our study, we monitored the inactivation of two important viruses that are critical in animal husbandry throughout the world. To evaluate the influence of the composting process on inactivation of avian influenza virus (H9N2) in poultry manure compost (PMC) and Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) in pig (swine) manure compost (SMC), the H9N2 and EMCV were injected in dialysis cassettes and buried in two different manure compost piles of poultry and pig manure, respectively. The highest temperature achieved in the PMC and SMC piles during the test period were 75 °C and 73.5 °C, respectively. At the completion of the composting for 168 h, inactivation effect appeared to be more sensitive in H9N2 than EMCV. The vitality of H9N2 decreased by 6.25 ± 0.35 log₁₀TCID50/mL to 0.0 log₁₀TCID50/mL within 1 h of the composting. The vitality of EMCV decreased from 7.75 ± 0.35 log₁₀TCID50/mL to 1.50 log₁₀TCID50/mL within 24 h of starting the composting process. However, the activation of EMCV was not decreased (from 7.75 ± 0.35 to 7.50 ± 0.71 log10TCID50/mL) in the control treatment (not inserted in composts) after 168h, while the activation of H9N2 in dialysis cassettes was significantly decreased (from 6.25 ± 0.35 log₁₀TCID50/mL to 2.00 ± 0.6 log₁₀TCID50/mL). Our study demonstrated the effectiveness of the composting treatment in inactivating the viruses studied, which was not the case with air treatment.

Thermophilic aeration and electrochemical reactions are well-established methods for wastewater treatment to reduce metallic content, organic and inorganic matter, turbidity, coloration, and nutrient levels. In this study, thermophilic aerobic oxidation (TAO) and electrocoagulation (EC) were implemented together to improve the quality of liquid fertilizer by reducing the nutrient load and toxicity of swine manure. The influent in this study was prepared by mixing anaerobic digestate and liquid swine manure at a 1:9 ratio and treating it for 3 days at 50–60 °C in a field-scale TAO system. The TAO effluent was then processed in an EC reactor for 180 min with a 30 V electric supply through two sets of iron and aluminum hybrid electrodes. The combined TAO and EC processes led to a germination index of 133% using the final efflux. The high retention of important nutrients such as total nitrogen and potassium, combined with the 100% reduction in heavy metals, over 60% reduction in trace minerals, and 89% reduction in pollutants in the final product, helped to achieve a higher germination index. Overall, the combination of TAO and EC was demonstrated to be an effective technique for enhancing the quality of liquid fertilizer derived from swine manure.

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of LF (liquid manure fertilizer) and FLF (filtered liquid manure fertilizer) produced by LMPRC (livestock manure public resource center) in Jeju area. In this study, LF (n=7) and FLF (n=4) at LMPRC in Jeju area were collected from June to September 2022. The nutrient contents (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), physicochemical properties, heavy metal contents, micronutrient contents, the population of Bacillus sp., and maturity degree were investigated. The physicochemical properties and heavy metal content in LF were as follows: TN 0.20%, P 2 O 5 0.09%, K 2 O 0.28%, pH 8.12, EC 17.83 mS/cm, NaCl 0.18%, moisture content 98.23%, Pb 0.85 mg/kg, Cr 0.01 mg/kg, Cu 15.14 mg/kg, Ni 0.19 mg/kg, and Zn 64.08 mg/kg. The physicochemical properties and heavy metal content in FLF were as follows: TN 0.15%, P 2 O 5 0.03%, K 2 O 0.26%, pH 7.56, EC 14.65 mS/cm, NaCl 0.17%, moisture content 99.16%, Pb 0.25 mg/kg, Cu 5.53 mg/kg, Ni 0.47 mg/kg, and Zn 0.20 mg/kg. No pathogenic bacteria (E. coli (O157:H7), Salmonella spp.) were detected in all samples, and maturity degree was evaluated as "mature".

Bio-gas production offers the dual benefit of livestock manure treatment and energy extraction. However, anaerobic digestate containing residual nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus lacks defined legal standards posing potential environmental risks if improperly managed. Understanding its physical and chemical characteristics is crucial to prevent soil, water, and air pollution.This study assessed the quality of anaerobic digestates and liquid fertilizers from domestic biogas facilities. Anaerobic digestate had average values of pH 8.21, EC 48.68 mS/cm, NaCl 0.28%, moisture 96.99%, CODCr 20,973 mg/L, SCODCr 8,016 mg/L, T-N 0.53%, P 2 O 5 0.13%, K 2 O 0.30%, and total NPK content of 0.95%. NH 4-N was 3911 mg/L, NO 3-N 228 mg/L. Trace elements As, Cd, and Hg were below detection limits; Pb 0.49 mg/kg, Cr 0.89 mg/kg, Cu 13.90 mg/kg, Ni 0.47 mg/kg, Zn 58.21 mg/kg, CaO 1,219.41 mg/kg, MgO 429.11 mg/kg, B 2 O 3 56.76 mg/kg, MnO 11.18 mg/kg, Fe 255.41 mg/kg, Mo 8.56 mg/kg. Liquid fertilizer by anaerobic digestate had pH 8.69, EC 29.74 mS/cm, NaCl 0.23%, moisture 97.46%, COD Cr 14,022 mg/L, SCOD Cr 5,710 mg/L, T-N 0.30%, P 2 O 5 0.08%, K 2 O 0.27%, total NPK content 0.65%. NH 4-N was 1923 mg/L, NO 3-N 334 mg/L. Trace elements As, Cd, Hg, and Cr were below detection limits; Pb 0.23 mg/kg, Cr 0.76 mg/kg, Cu 9.79 mg/kg, Ni 0.41 mg/kg, Zn 51.78 mg/kg, CaO 693.73 mg/kg, MgO 268.18 mg/kg, B 2 O 3 50.56 mg/kg, MnO 6.63 mg/kg, Fe 190.70 mg/kg, Mo 7.30 mg/kg. Maturity assessment using mechanical disruption indicated "immature or semi-mature" status for most samples. The germination index yielded a value of "0" for all samples.

This study analyzed 51 compost samples from Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) farms. The mean levels of N, P 2 O 5 , and K 2 O in Hanwoo manure composts were 1.05%, 1.09%, and 1.09%, respectively. The mean levels of NH 4-N, NO 3-N, and NH 4-N/NO 3-N ratio were 831 mg/kg, 685 mg/kg, and 1.78, respectively. The average organic matter, moisture, and NaCl contents were 32.82%, 54.32%, and 1.85%, respectively. The average heavy metal content in the Hanwoo manure compost was as follows: Pb 2.51 mg/kg, Cr 3.21 mg/kg, Cu 47.53 mg/kg, Ni 1.71 mg/kg, Zn 205.76 mg/kg. No pathogenic microorganisms were detected in all samples, and compost maturity was evaluated as "mature" (Germination Index 80).