Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious bacterial infection that remains a leading cause of death and persistent threat to global health. The spread of TB is exacerbated by the major limitations of conventional diagnostic approaches, such as complex technicalities, high cost, and low sensitivity. To address these challenges, recent research has focused on using electrochemiluminescence (ECL) as an alternative detection strategy coupled to biosensors. ECL biosensors leverage electrochemically generated chemiluminescence, converting electrical energy to light, as a novel transduction mechanism for TB biosensors. This unique approach offers several advantages, namely, wide linear dynamic ranges, improved device sensitivities, and prompt response times for sensitive early detection. This Review offers a comprehensive overview of advancements in ECL biosensor configurations, including detection and amplification strategies, substrates, and the development of luminophores and coreactants tailored for TB biomarker detection. The focus is on ECL biosensor designs, including biorecognition elements like immunosensors, DNA sensors, and aptasensors, along with various immobilization strategies tailored to target specific TB biomarkers. A comprehensive discussion spans biomarker detection trends over the past decade, clinical relevance, sensitivity thresholds, and detection limits. Furthermore, widely recognized TB biomarkers commonly detected in commercial diagnostic tests are discussed alongside novel markers that, while not exclusive to TB, have demonstrated clinical importance. This Review aims to highlight the potential of ECL-based biosensors as an effective means to advance an early, reliable, and accessible TB detection approach.

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common types of cancer disease worldwide and it accounts for thousands of deaths annually. Lapatinib is among the preferred drugs for the treatment of breast cancer. Possible drug toxicity effects of lapatinib can be controlled by real-time determination of the appropriate dose for a patient at the point of care. In this study, a novel highly sensitive polymeric nanobiosensor for lapatinib is presented. A composite of poly(anilino-co-4-aminobenzoic acid) co-polymer {poly(ANI-co-4-ABA)} and coffee extract-based green-synthesized indium nanoparticles (InNPs) was used to develop the sensor platform on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), i.e., SPCE||poly(ANI-co-4-ABA-InNPs). Cytochrome P450-3A4 (CYP3A4) enzyme and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were incorporated on the modified platform to produce the SPCE||poly(ANI-co-4-ABA-InNPs)|CYP3A4|PEG lapatinib nanobiosensor. Experiments for the determination of the electrochemical response characteristics of the nanobiosensor were performed with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The nanobiosensor calibration for 0–100 ng/mL lapatinib was linear and gave limit of detection (LOD) values of 13.21 ng/mL lapatinib and 18.6 ng/mL lapatinib in physiological buffer and human serum, respectively. The LOD values are much lower than the peak plasma concentration (C_max) of lapatinib (2.43 µg/mL), which is attained 4 h after the administration of a daily dose of 1250 mg lapatinib. The electrochemical nanobiosensor also exhibited excellent anti-interference performance and stability.

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a significant contributor to global death tolls among infectious diseases. It can be diagnosed using certain cytokines, such as interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ). Interferon‐gamma is an essential component of the immune system's defense against pathogens which is known to be expressed in TB infection. This work involves the development of a quantum dot‐sensitized electrochemical aptasensor for IFN‐γ. The sensor system consists of gold disc electrode surface that was modified with novel L‐cysteine‐functionalized indium telluriselenide quantum dots (L‐cysteine‐InTeSe QD). Subsequently, the L‐cysteine‐InTeSe QDs are conjugated to an amine‐terminated IFN‐γ aptamer through a carbodiimide‐mediated amide bond formation. The electrochemical responses of the IFN‐γ aptasensor are studied by voltammetry. A linear calibration curve is generated for the concentration range studied (i.e., 10–21 pg mL⁻¹ IFN‐γ), and a limit of detection of 0.312 pg mL⁻¹ is obtained. The QD aptasensor is able to accurately detect IFN‐γ without interference from other substances. In a practical application using synthetic human serum, the QD aptasensor produced good detection recovery of 98–102%, highlighting its potential for diagnosing infectious diseases.